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AND PLANT NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF ALKALINE SOILS Kadir Saltalı, A.Reşit Brohi, A.Volkan Bilgili GOU, Agriculture Faculty, Soil Science Department. Taşlıçiftlik-Tokat/Turkey ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to assess the effect of tobacco waste (dust) on total N, available P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn concentrations and some characteristics of an alkaline soil. A randomized field trial with three replications was designed and tobacco waste was applied to the soils at the rates of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 ton/dec. Soil samples were taken after eight months from application of tobacco waste. Exchangeable sodium and soil pH decreased, but soil electricity conductivity (EC), hydraulic conductivity (HC) and soil structure stability increased . The relationship between application doses of tobacco waste and HC, SSI, EC were found significant as P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 , respectively . Increasing rates of tobacco waste increased total N and available P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn contents. The relationship between doses and macro and micro nutrient content of the soils were also found significant at P < 0.01, but Mn P < 0.05. Obtained data show that application of tobacco waste to alkaline soils improved both soil conditions and nutrient concentration of soil increased for a sufficient crop production. INTRODUCTION Agricultural production in the arid and semiarid regions of the world is limited by insufficient water resources, limited rainfall and poor soils characteristics. Poor soil characteristic occur when exchangeable Na and pH are high in soils. Alkaline soils have low organic matter content and low physical properties (Abrol et.al 1985) When organic matter of soils is low, physical, chemical and biological characteristic of soils is also poor. Improving factors, affecting plant production, is possible by increasing organic matter content of a soil. Addition of organic manure help to reduce soil pH and Na, and improve water intake rates of alkaline soils (Gupta et.al. 1988). Durak and Brohi (1986) reported that application of tobacco waste to soil increased soil organic matter and plant nutrient content. Applying tobacco waste to the soil increased nitrate content of the soils, CO2 production and wheat grain yield compared with the other organic materials (Gök et al. 1988) . This research was carried out to determine the effect of the tobacco waste (dust) on total N, available P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and some other soil characteristics in a alkaline soil. MATERIAL AND METHODS Tobacco waste used in experiment taken from Tokat Tobacco Factory, and the experiment conducted on alkaline soils in TIGEM area. The experiment was conducted a randomized block design with 3 replications and 5 treatments. The rates of tobacco waste were 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ton/dec. Each plot had an area of 9m2 (3m ´3m). The soil samples were taken and then tobacco waste was applied in November, 1998.The soil samples were also taken after eight months from application of tobacco waste. Soil pH was determined in saturation paste, organic matter by Walkley Black method, EC´106 in saturation extract, CEC sodium acetate method, texture by hydrometer (Tuzüner 1990) . Total N was analyzed by Kjeldahl method, extractable P by olsen method, available K by ammonium acetate method, and Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn in DTPA extract (Kacar 1972). Hydraulic conductivity was determined by undisturbed soil samples and, soil structure stability by wet sieving methods (Demiralay 1993). Some selected properties of experimental soils and tobacco waste are given in Table1, 2.   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Macro Element Status of Soil and Effect of Tobacco Waste : Tobacco waste applied to experimental soils increased macro and micro element concentration and electrical conductivity of soils (Table 3).  Available P and K concentration in experimental soils before tobacco waste application was higher than suggested values for an adequate plant production (table 3 and 4). The high amounts of available phosphorus and potassium in experimental soils were due to high pH and Na which dispersed soil and initiated new reactions. Chhobra et.al (1981) reported that alkaline soils contain high amounts of available phosphorus because phosphorus constitute easily soluble compounds in soils with high pH and alkalinity. Işık and Usta (1998) reported that increasing SAR increased available phosphorus concentrations. Pal (1985) suggested that high potassium concentration in alkaline soils was due to dissolution of potassium fixing minerals.  Although, total N contents increased with increasing application rates of tobacco waste, the total N content of the soil was still under recommended values for a adequate plant production. This case was caused by volatilization of ammonia to atmosphere due to turning of ammonium to ammonia under high pH and alkaline conditions. Fenn and Kissel (1973) found a positive relationship between increasing pH and ammonia volatilization. Effect of Tobacco Waste on Micro Element Status of Soils : Before tobacco waste applied to the experimental soils, except for Zn, values for available Fe, Cu and Mn concentrations were above than recommended limit values. This could be resulted from properties of the experimental soils. In generally, it was determined that available Fe, Cu and Mn concentration were sufficient, but zinc concentration is insufficient in Kazova soils (Anonimous, 1999). Eyüpoğlu et.al (1993) reported that available Zn concentration was insufficient in approximately 14 millions ha. are as of Turkey. Depending on increasing application doses, microelement concentrations, including Zn, increased. This increase was significant (P<0.01) for Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn (P<0.05). The increasing in the values of available Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn was due to the decomposition of organic matter. Decomposition of the organic matter would stimulate chelat formation and decreasing soil pH. Increase in Zn concentration was lower than the other microelements. This could be due to the fact that Zn forms more stable complexes with soil organic matter components than those of formed by other microelements. Tisdale et al. (1993) reported that effect of organic matter on Zn was highly depended on quantity and quality of organic matter, and Zn was immobilized by high molecular weight organic substance as such lignin, humic and fulvic acids. On the other hand, the same researchers also suggested that formation of soluble chelates with Zn enhanced Zn concentration in solution. Increase in solution Zn concentration at high pH was suggested to increase mobilization of Zn by soluble dispersed organic matter ( Jeffry and Uren, 1993 ). Effect of Tobacco Waste on Physical and Chemicals Properties of Soils : Soil pH and ESP (Exchangeable Sodium Percentage) decreased with increasing amount of tobacco waste (Table 2). Soil organic matter content increased with increasing application doses. This increase was significant (P<0.01) (Table 2 ). Soil hydraulic conductivity was among 0, 0.1, 2.9, 3.3, 3.5, cm/hour, and structure stability index was among 36.97, 43.80, 45.78, 46.20, 49.50 at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 tons/dec. respectively. Soil hydraulic conductivity and structure stability index increased when applications doses of tobacco waste increased .Hydraulic conductivity was zero in control; in 5 ton/dec. very low; in 10, 15 and 20 ton/dec. was moderate. Statistical relationship between soil organic matter content and hydraulic conductivity was significant (P<0.05), and structure stability index was also significant (P<0.01). When hydraulic conductivity is lower than 0.125cm/h, it is very low, but hydraulic conductivity is higher than 2 cm/h, it is moderate (Tüzüner 1990). Our results showed that applications of tobacco waste 10 ton/dec. and above rates to the experimental soils adequately increased hydraulic conductivity to the optimum rate for plant production. Bender et al (1998) observed that tobacco waste increased water resistant aggregates (SDA) percentage of soil. Increasing SDA percentage also increased hydraulic conductivity. Observed data showed that while soil pH and ESP were decreasing, soil physical properties became better when tobacco waste was applied to alkaline soils. Depending on application doses increase soil EC was found significant (P<0.05). Soils should be drained following application of tobacco waste to avoid a possible salinization caused by the salty waste material. Therefore, the tobacco waste should be applied to the alkaline soils before winter rains to leach the salts released from the waste material. In conclusion, application of tobacco waste to artificially drained alkaline soils improved not only physical and chemical properties of soils but also the status of available plant nutrients. Thus, grain and forage crops which have relative tolerance to alkaline soils could be grown on these soil after eight months treated with tobacco waste. REFERENCES Abrol, I.P., Bhumbla.D.R., Meelu,O.P.1985. Influence of Salinity and Alkalinity on Properties and Manegement of Ricelands. Soil Physics and Rice. Publishing of International Rice Research Institute. P.O. BOX 993. Manila, Philippines Alpaslan, M., Güneş,A., İnal,A. 1998. Deneme Tekniği. (Turkish). Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi. Yaın No :1501. Ankara Anonymous.1999. Tokat Kazova Yöresinde Çinko ile Gübrelemenin Buğday verimi Üzerine Etkisi Yer Seçimi İçin Yapılan Analizler. Basılmamış. Tokat Köy. Hiz. Arş. Ens. Müd. Tokat. Bender,D., Erdal İ., Dengiz, O., Gürbüz, M. 1998.Farklı Organik Materyallerin Killi Bir Toprağın Bazı Fiziksel Özelliklerine Etkisi. (Turkish). M.Ş.Yeşilsoy International Symposium on Arid Region Soıl. Sh : 387-394. Menemen /İzmir . Kacar, B. 1972. Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal Analizleri II. Bitki Analizleri. Ankara Üni. Zir..Fak.Yayın No:453. Chhabra, R., I.P. Abrol., M.V.Singh.1981. Dynamics of Phosphorus During Reclamatıon of Sodıc Soıls. Soıl Science. 132 : 319-324 Deniralay, I.1993. Toprak Fiziksel Analiz Yöntemleri. (Turkish). A.Ü.Z.F. Erzurum Durak,A., Brohi, A.R., 1986.Tütün tozunun organik gübre olarak değerlendirilmesi. (Turkish). Türkiye Tütüncülüğü ve Geleceği Sempozyumu.261-269. Tokat. Ergene, A.1993. Toprak Biliminin Esasları.(Turkish). A.Ü. Z. F. Yayın no:267.Erzurum Eyüpoğlu, F., N. Kurucu., S. Talaş., Ü. Canisay. 1994. Türkiye Topraklarında Bitkiye Alınabilir Mikroelement Durumu. (Turkish). Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Yıllık Raporu.1993. Rapor No:118 Ankara. Fen, L.B., Kissel.D.E. 1973. Ammonia Volatilization from Surface applications of ammonium Compounds on Calcareous Soils.I. Soil Science Society.America.J:37 : 855-859 Gök, M., Onaç, I., Kapır,B., Sağlamtimur,T., Coşkun, A., Tansı,V., Kızılşimşek, M., 1988. Hasat atıkları, Tütün atığı ve hayvan Gübresi uygulamalarının Toprakta azot mineralizasyonunu , immobilizasyonunu ve Toprağın Bazı Biyolojiközelliklerine etkisi. M.Ş.Yeşilsoy. Internatıonal symposıum on Arid Soil. P: 551-557. Menemen - İzmir/ Turkey . Gupta, R.K., R.R.Singh and I.P.Abrol. 1988. Influence of Simultaneous Changes in Sodicity and pH on the Hyraulic Conductivity of an Alkali Soil Under Rice Culture. Soil Sci. 146: 382-386 Işık, E., Usta. S. 1998. Tuz Konsantrasyonunun ve Sodyumluluğun Aridic Toprakta Fosfor Çözünürlüğü Üzerine Etkisi. M. Ş. Yeşilsoy International Symposium on Arid Region Soil: 387-394. Menemen -İzmir/Turkey . Pal, D.K. 1985. Potasıum Release from Muscovite and Biotite Under Alkaline Conditions. Pedologie 35:133-136 Tisdale, S. L., Nelson. W.L., Beaton., J.D., Hawlin. J. L. 1993. Soil Fertility and Fertizers. Fifth Edıtıon. Macmillan Publishing Company. Newyork. Tüzüner, A. 1990. Toprak ve Su Analiz Laboratuvarları El Kitabı.(Türkish). Köy Hiz. Gen. Müd. Ankara |