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SPINACH (Spinacia oleracea) AND BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris) Adil Aydın, Metin Turan, Yıldırım Sezen University of Atatürk, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, 25240-Erzurum/Turkey ABSTRACT One of the most important factors threatening agricultural land in the world is salinization. It occurs naturally in arid and semiarid regions in where evaporation rate is higher than rainfall. On the other hand, uncontrolled irrigation in irrigated land may cause salinity problem. This study was conducted to determine effects of sodium salts on plants and soil properties. Spinach and beans were used as experimental plants. Results indicated that soil pH, electrical conductivity, soluble salt contents, and salinity class were affected positively, by salt doses. but, plant growth and dry-matter decreased by increasing salt application and doses. There were significant differences among sodium salts respect to investigated properties. The NaCl had the highest negative effect, but Na2SO4 had the lowest. The effect of salts on dry-matter content was also statistically significant. INTRODUCTION Salinity problem mostly seen in arid and semiarid regions may also be a problem in irrigated land. It was estimated that about one-third of irrigated land has been affected by salinity problem (Shannon, 1984). In addition, nearly 300.000 ha irrigated land lose their productivity because of mis-irrigation every year in the world (Harrisson, 1993). In Turkey, the areas affected by salts is about 2 million ha, but ıt may increase if proper management systems are not considered. In the GAP region, a vast area of land was introduced by irrigation. Farmers have not mush information about irrigation system and soil interaction. They think that much water means much yield. As a result of this, excess and mis-irrigation are common in the region which will result in salinity problem near future. ( Anon, 1990; Karadavut, 1995). Soil salinity is characterised by high amounts of Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, HCO3, SO4 and B ions, which negatively affect on plant growth. Chloride and SO4 salts are dominant in saline soils. However, salt stress in nature is formed by NaCl. Although, resistance of plants against salts is affected by environmental factors, and growing stage plants are more sensitive in germination stage. Salinity tolerance of plants is increasing by plant growth ( Mengel ve Kırkby, 1979; Levitt, 1980; Lauter ve ark., 1981; Sahnnon, 1984). In saline soils, water uptake by plant roots is limited because of high osmotic potential, and toxicity of Na and Cl increases. These are the main reason for low plant production in salt affected areas ( Flowers et.all., 1981; Lewitt, 1980). There are many mechanical and chemical methods used in rehabilitation of saline soils. Since these methods are expensive, studies on development of salt-resistant new species are getting importance in recent years. (Ashraf et.all., 1986; Akhtar et. All., 1994; Chowdhury et.all., 1995). In many researches, it was stated that soil salinity reduced transpiration and respiration, declined water uptake and root growth, destroyed hormonal equilibrium, reduced net photosynthesis rate, nitrate uptake and nitrat reductasy activity which resulted in low protein synthesis and caused dwarf plant formation. It also reduced fresh and dry-weights and the number of flowers and lead to low yields ( Osowa, 1960; Rush ve Esptein, 1975; Levitt, 1980; Sharma, 1980; Robinson et.all., 1983; Sharma et.all Garg, 1983; Çakırlar and Topçuoğlu, 1985). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different sodium salts on spinach and beans growth in greenhouse conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Soil used in this study was collected from 0-20 cm of Atatürk University farmland soils. Soil texture, electrical conductivity (Demiralay , 1993), pH, organic matter, CaCO3, cation exchangeable capacity, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na), plant available phosphorus, and available minor elements ( Fe, Mn, Zn ve Cu) were determined ( Bayraklı, 1987). The experimental design was completely randomised factorial design with four salts ( NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4 and mixture), four doses, ( 0,2.5, 5.0 ve 7.5 gr salt/kg soil) two plants (spinach and beans) and three replication ( 4x4x2x3=96 pots). 2- kg soil passed through 2 mm-sieve was put into pots. As basal fertiliser, nitrogen ( 10 kg N/da as 45 % urea), phosphorus ( 10 kg P2O5/da as 46 % P2O5 TSP) and potassium ( 10 kgK2O/da as 50 % K2O K2SO4) were applied. Five spinach and three beans seed were planted, but 2 spinach and 1 beans plant were left in each pot following germination. Ten weeks after plantation, plants were harvested, dried at 68 0C, and dry-matter contents were recorded. In addition, plant samples were analysed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu nutrients (Bayraklı, 1987). RESULT AND DISCUSSION Some physical and chemical properties of soils used in this study were shown in Table 1.  Soil textural class was loamy (Demiralay, 1993), soil reaction was nötr (Ergene, 1995), organic matter content,, CaCO3 content and plant available phosphorus were low (Anon, 1982; Aydın ve Sezen, 1995) , exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K,Na) and available Fe, Mn,Zn and Cu were enough (Elgala et.all.1986), electrical conductivity was 0.56 EC 103 mmhos/cm and soluble salt content was 0.03 %. (U.S.S., 1954). There was no salinity problem in the study soil at the beginning of the study. Electrical conductivity and soluble salt contents of soil as well as exchangeable Na amount increased by increasing rates of salt application, but exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and available Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu generally decreased (Table 1). These changes were natural result of Na-salts. Increase and decrease in soil properties were dependent on sodium salts and doses. The most effective salt and dose were NaCl and 7-5 g salt /kg-soil, respectively. Plant growth was also negatively affected by salt application. Effect of Different Sodium Salts on Plant Growth : The effect of different sodium salts applied at different doses had significant affect on plant growth and especially on dry-matter content (Table 2). Plant growth was reduced by increasing rates of salts, and it was completely stopped at the rate of 7.5 gr salt NaCl/kg soil dose.  As seen in Table 2, dry -matter content decreased by increasing rates of salts applied to soil. The doses of 5- 7.5 gr salt NaCl/ kg-soil for beans and 7.5 gr salt NaCl / kg-soil for spinach caused in plant die. Güneş at.all.,( 1997) in wheat and Taban at. all.,( 1999) in corn were found similar results that increasing rates of salts resulted in low rates of dry-matter. Decrease in dry-matter content as the mean of salts and doses was 30 % for beans and 45 % for spinach. This indicated that beans was more sensitive for salts as compared to spinach. The effect of salts and doses on dry-matter content showed differences. As the mean of plant and doses, the rates of decreases for NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4 and mixture were 54 %, 39% , 23.5 % and 34,6% respectively. NaCl was the most effective salt causing on low dry-matter content (Table 2). Statistical analyses of data indicated data the effect of salts, doses, plant type and interactions on dry-matter content were statistically significant. Duncan's Multiple Comparison test was applied for mean comparisons, which was shown in Table 3 and Table 4. (Yıldız and Bircan, 1991).   All of these results indicated that plant growth has negatively been affected by salt application, dry-matter content decreased, and even plant died at high rates of salt application.  Effect of Sodium Salts on Mineral Composition of Spinach and Beans : Mineral composition of the experimental plant to were shown in Table 5. In general, Na content of plants increased by increasing rates of doses, but K decreased. Increases in Na content of plants was expected, however, decrease in K content may be attributed to the interaction of Na and K. Similar results were obtained by Taban et.all. (1999). Nitrogen, P, Mn, Zn and Cu content of plants increased by increasing doses of Na-salts with 5 g salt/kg soil and, generally decreased after that. Similar results were reported by Alpaslan et.all, (1997) for rice and wheat plant mineral composition. On the other hand, Ca, Mg and Fe showed no trend with salt doses applied. As a result of this study, it was concluded that Na-salts must be considered in fertility studies and used in conscientiously and new plant species resistant against salts must be developed and used in salt effected areas. REFERENCES Akhtar, J.G., Qureshi, R.H. 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