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Nizamettin Ataoğlu, Yıldırım Sezen Atatürk University, Agriculture Faculty, Soil Department In Turkey ABSTRACT The objective of this study was determine the effects of N, P and K applied at different rates on Zn uptake of tomato crop under greenhouse condition .Twenty ppm Zn was applied to each of 72 soil pots at the beginning of the study. The experiment was designed with four nitrogen (N0=0, N1=6, N2=12, N3=18 kg/da), three phosphorus (P0=0, P1=6, P2=12 kg/da), and two potassium (K0=0, K1=6 kg/da) rates. In regard to the type and the amounts of fertilisers, Zn uptake of tomato crop was evaluated. According to the results, N application encouraged Zn uptake while P2O5 application had adverse effect. However, K2O application had no effect on Zn uptake. INTRODUCTION Directly or indirectly life is always dependent on plants which are used primarily for food, along with their use as raw material and energy source in industry. Zn feeding level of the living beings is mainly related to the Zn uptake level of the plants used as food. In case of Zn insufficiency in the soil, and Zn uptake limitations by some soil, climate or other applications, first of all, plant production is limited in amount and this, in turn, brings about Zn feeding disorders on the other living beings. One of the factors affecting the relations of soluble activity between solid and liquid phases of the soil is minerals. Of those minerals including Zinc, Blende (ZnS), Simitsonit (ZnCO3), Kalamin (Zn2SiO4.H2O), Franklinit (Zn (FeO2)2, and Willemin (ZnCO3) exist to be primer minerals are connected to soil compounds. Zn is strictly adsorbed by clay minerals and organic matter to be Zn++, ZnOH+, and it precipitates to be silicate in alkaline soils (Kaçar, 1995). Zn has different solubility values and its forms in the soil are also different. Zn exists in the soil to be; (I) İonic in the soil solutions or compounds in organic form, (II) connected to varying points of reactive soil composites, (III) complicated with organic matter, (IV) oxidised by Fe, Al, Mn oxide or hydro-oxides, (V) allocated in primer and seconder minerals (Jenne, 1997). In plants with Zn deficiency, protein concentrations go down sharply and this results in a decrease of amino-acids and amides amounts in dry matter content of the plant (Çakmak et al., 1989). Olsen (1972) found that phosphorus fertilisation at high rates caused an increase in Zn deficiency in case useful Zn amount to be used by the plants was low. Youngdahl et al., (1977) stated that high amounts of phosphorus increased pectate fractions of the root cell walls and soluble Zn amount in ethanol. They also stated that connecting to cell walls by increasing rates of phosphorus, Zn transportation to green parts of the plant went down. Patra et al., (1982) found that an application of Zn to soil in amounts of 0 and 100 mg/g increased P and Zn content of the plant while same amounts of P application increased P and Fe content with a decrease in Zn, Cu and Mn content. It is stated that about half of the soils of the country is poor of Zn. This causes to be Zn deficiency in the plants which, in turn, results in low production and some health problems in animals and human beings fed up with these plants. It is reported that some problems occur because of Zn deficiency, such as slower growing process, dwarfness, lateness in recovery of injuries, lack of taste sense, hypogondism, dermatological problems, unwillingness to eat, disorders in the mechanism of adaptation to darkness, etc. Aksoy (1974) stated that Zn deficiency often occurred not only the Zn deficiency in the soil but in some cases, it is directly related to the concentration of other plant nutrient elements in the soil, and that phosphorus applied to soil more than needed lowered the useful Zn amounts. In this study, the effect of N, P and K fertilisers applied to tomato crop at different rates, on Zn content was examined. MATERIAL AND METHOD Soil used in this study was collected from 0-20 cm depth in accordance with the study objectives in the farmland at Agricultural Faculty Atatürk Universty in Erzurum Some physical and chemical soil properties such as texture, soluble salt content, soil moisture, field capacity, wilting point, pH, organic matter content, CaCO3, cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na), total N, nitrogen of ammonium and nitrate, available P, and Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were determined (Bayraklı, 1987; Demiralay, 1993). Each pot was filled up with 2 kg soil passed through 4 mm sieve. Tomato crop was planted to the pots after they had four leaves in the seedbed where sown. The experiment was designed in according to the randomised factorial experiment design with the factors of four different type of fertilisers N=0, 6, 12 18 kg N/da P=0, 6, 12 kgP2O5/da and K=0, 6 kg K2O/da rates and 20 ppm Zn to each pot, and with three replications (4x3x2x3=72), under greenhouse conditions. Nitrogen, phosphate and potassium rates used in the experiment were allocated with the ammonium sulphate (N=21%), triple super phosphate (44-46% P2O5) and potassium sulphate (50% K2O) fertilisers, respectively. Also, each pot was applied 20 ppm Zn (ZnSO4.7H2O) Half of the nitrogen was applied with sowing and the rest was applied one month after planting. Plant growth was observed phonologically and irrigation needs of the plants were covered with pure water. Plants were harvested and dried of 68 °C till constant weight and they were weighed, and dry matter amounts were determined. Amount of plant nutriment elements N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in plant samples were determined (Bayraklı, 1987). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Some physical and chemical properties of soil used in this study were given in Table 1. Soil texture was loam (Demiralay, 1993), pH was nötr (Ergene, 1995); organic matter content was medium, CaCO3 content was low (Anon., 1982) and CEC was 25.18 me/100 g, an exchangeable Na was 0,25 me Na/100g. Available micro element contents of the soil sample were determined to be Fe: 3,3 ppm, Mn: 4.9ppm, Zn: 1,7 ppm and Cu: 1,6 ppm. It was found that the soil was poor of available nitrogen (Aydın and Sezen, 1995) and total nitrogen was only 0,13 %.  The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilisers on Zn uptake of tomato crop was given in Table 2. As seen from Table 2, the effect of fertiliser rates on Zn uptake was different. It was clear to conclude that nitrogen increased Zn uptake while phosphorus had adverse effect. Moreover, potassium had no effect on Zn uptake. Table 2 showed that depending on nitrogen application Zn content of the green parts of the tomato plant increased. N3 and N0 rates yielded the highest and lowest Zn contents, respectively. As compared to N0 rates, these increases were 79 %, 123 % and 144 % for N1, N2 and N3 rates, respectively while 61 % , 77 % and 52 % for N1, N2 and N3 rates in root parts. With an increase in Zn content by increased N rates even there was a decrease in Zn content for N3 rates, an increase in Zn content was also recorded. The effect of the P application on Zn content of the green parts was found to be a decrease of 1,2 % and 29 % for P1 and P2 rates respectively when compared to P0 rate. On the other hand, in root parts this decrease was recorded to be % 24 and 18 % for P1 and P2 rates respectively. Zn content of green parts of tomato plants increased by K-application as compered to K0 rates, but this increase was not statistically significant at p<0,01.  Statistical analysis results of the Zn content values from the experiment were given on Table 3. As seen from Table 3, it was found that effect of the N application on Zn uptake was statistically significant (p< 0,01) for both green parts and roots. On the other hand, a decrease was recorded by P application. While the effect of K application on Zn content of root parts was statistically significant (p< 0,01), it was not statistically significant for green parts.  Multi-variate analysis of Zn content of green part and roots by fertiliser rates was also performed and results were given in Table 4.  It was found that the effect of N rates on Zn content was significant and means were different. Average Zn content of the plants for N0 rate were 0.116, while they were 0,208, 0259 and 0,283 for N1, N2 and N3 rates respectively. It was clear from these figures that there was an increase in Zn content in green parts parallel to N rates. The highest increase in Zn content was obtained from N3 application. Likewise, the effect of N rates on Zn content of root was found to be statistically significant (Table 4.). The means of Zn contents of roots were 0.094, 0.652, 0.167 and 0.143 for N0 , N1, N2 and N3 rates respectively Zn content of green parts decreased by increasing rates of P application. This decrease was found to be statistically significant and means were different (Table. 4). Means of Zn contents of the plants were 0.241, 0.238 and 0.133 for P0, P1 and P2 rates respectively. Means of Zn contents for P0 and P1 were close while P2 rates yielded the lowest Zn content. In the same way, applied P rates resulted in decrease Zn content in roots, which was statistically significant. Means of Zn contents of the roots were 0.162, 0.123 and 0.133 for P0, P1 and P2 rates. The highest Zn content in root was obtained control group (P0 doze). In their similar studies, Jackson et. al. (1967) and Aksoy (1974) were also found that phosphorus fertiliser application caused a decrease in Zn content. Zn content of the parts were not statistically significant. The effect of different rates of N, P, K fertilisers on Zn content in green parts and roots were shown in Figure 1.  In conclusion, different rates of N, P and K fertilisers were applied to tomato plant caused an increase of Zn content in green parts and roots was observed with increasing rates of N. The highest Zn content was observed in green parts and roots with N3 rate and N2 rates respectively. Application of P rates decreased Zn content in green parts and root parts. The Zn content of non-P applied plants was found to be the highest. Whereas, Zn content decreased in P-applied plants. The highest decrease in Zn content was determined with P2 rate. The increase of Zn content of green parts because of K application was not statistically significant. As a result, ıt can be concluded that N application increases the Zn content of the plant parts while Zn content goes down with P application. K application has no effect on Zn content. REFERENCES Aksoy, T., 1974. Dörtyol D.Ü.Ç. Turunçgiller işletmesinde portakallarda görülen çinko noksanlığının fosfor ile ilişkisi üzerine bir araştırma. A.Ü. Z. F. Yayınları, 627 Ankara. Anonymous (1982) Dalaman D.Ü.Ç. Topraklarının Etüt ve Haritalanması. D.Ü.Ç. Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. Aydın, A., Sezen, Y. 1995. Toprak Kimyası Uygulama Kitabı.Atatürk Üniv. Ders Yayınları No: 174. Erzurum. Bayraklı, F. (1987) Toprak ve Bitki Analizleri. (Çeviri). Yazanlar: Ir.J.Ch.van Schouwenburg, Dr.Ir.V.J.G.Houba, Dr.Ir.I.Novozamsky ve I.Walinga. Samsun. Baysal, A.,1997. Gıdaların çinko içerikleri ve diyet çinkosunun biyoyararlılığı. I. Ulusal Çinko Kongresi. Eskişehir. Çakmak, İ.,Maschner, H., Bangerth, F.,1989. Effect of zinc nutritional status on growth, protein metabolism and levels of indole -3 asedic and other phytohormones in bean. J. Exp. Bot. 40; 405-412. Demiralay, İ., 1993. Toprak Fiziksel Analizleri. Atatürk Üni. Yayınları No: 143. Erzurum. Ergene, A. (1995) Toprak Biliminin Esasları (Genişletilmiş 5. Baskı). Atatürk Üni. Yayın No: 586, Ziraat Fak. Yayın No: 267, Ders Kitapları Serisi No: 42. Jakson T.L., Hay J., Moore, D.P., 1967. The effect of Zn on yield and chemical compozition of sweet corn in the willamette valley. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 91; 462-471. Jenne, E. A.,1997.In Symposium on Mo in Environment, pp 425-453. Mercel Dekkar İnc.Newyork. Kacar, B., 1995. Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal Analizleri, III. Toprak Analizleri. Ankara Üni. Ziraat Fak. Eğitim, Araştırma ve Geliştirme Vakfı Yay. No:2. Olsen, S. R.,1972. Micronutrients İnteractions. Soil Sci. Soc. Of America, Madison,W. pp. 243-264 Patra, D., Haldar, M., Mandal L., 1982. Effect of P, Cu and Zn application on the growth and Zn, Cu, Fe and P nutrition of rice in Water-logged soil, Indian Agr. 26; 229-235. Youngdahl, L. J.,Suec L. V., Lebhart, W. C., Teel, M. R., 1977. Changes in the zinc-65 distribution in corn root tissue with a phosphorus variable. Crop Sci. 17; 66-69. Yıldız, N. ve Bircan, H. (1991) Araştırma ve Deneme Metodları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları No:697. Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No: 305. Ders Kitapları Serisi No:57. Erzurum. |