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ON THE NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF PEPPER SEEDLING Füsun Gülser 1 , Önder Türkmen 2 , Fikret Yaşar 2 , Turgay Kabay 2 1 University Of Yüzüncü Yıl, Faculty Of Agriculture, Department Of Soil Science, 65080 Van-Turkey 2 University of Yüzüncü Yıl, Faculty ofAgriculture, Department of Horticulture, 65080 Van-Turkey ABSTRACT The mixtures of different materials such as torf + soil + banyard manure, pumice + soil + barnyard manure, and torf were used as seedling growing media. A pepper cultivar, Kandil, was used as an experimental plant. 0 g/m3, 540 g/m3, 1080 g/m3, 1620 g/m3 nitrogen as ammonium sulphate and 0 g/m3, 1380 g/m3, 2760 g/m3, 4140 g/m3 P2O5 as diammoniumphosphate were applied to the growing media. Furthemore, constant dose of ammonium sulphate (420 gm3) was added to the growing media. The amounts of some macro (N, P,K, Ca, Mg) and micro (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) elements were determined in pepper seedlings. It was found that M1 (torf) and M2 (torf: garden soil: barnyard manure) growing media had more positive effect on the nutrient uptake of pepper seedlings because of their high level of cation exchange capacity, water holding capacity and organic matter content. INTRODUCTION The growing healthy and the best quality seedlings is an important issue in vegetable production. This is possible with the using suitable variety and growing media and the being in the suitable climatic conditions. The important factors which must be in growing media are the being economical and the obtaining suitable chemical and physical characteristics. The mixture of growing media can be changed according to the vegetable species and growing region. The nutrient which will be also added into growing media are changed according to the growing mixture and vegetable species. The most abundant nutrients which are used in growing media are N, P and K. Especially N is a vital nutrient in plant gowth because the most part of the plant dry matter consists of nitrogenous compounds (Çolakoğlu and Pekcan, 1990). In addition, P and K are very impotant nutrients like N. Especially the P uptake of plants decreases in low temperatures and insuficient light conditions (Şeniz, 1984). The optimum temperature can not be obtained at seedling growing structures in protected cultuvation in early spring. Enough phosphorus in growing media promotes root development (Kacar, 1984). The nutrient composition of pepper seedling were examined with various N and P doses on easily obtained growing media in Turkey. At the end of the study, the most suitable growing media with suitable N and P doses were determined. MATERIALS and METHODS This study was conducted according to factorial experimental design with three replication in the greenhouse of the Horticulture Department of Agriculture Faculty of Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversity in 1997. Kandil pepper cultivar was used in this study. The main subjects are seedling growing media and different nitrogen and phosphorus dose mixtures: Torf (M1), (1:1:1) of torf + garden soil+barnyard manure (M2), (1:1:1) of sand+ garden soil+barnyard manure (M3) and (1:1:1) of pumice + garden soil + barnyard manure (M4) were used as seedling growing media. Constant dose of 420 g nitrogen as ammonium sulphate were added into 1m3 growing media. Furthermore 0,540, 1080, 1620g N and 0, 1380, 2760, 4140 g P2O5 as diammonium phosphate were applied in to 1m3 growing media. Some physical and chemical properties of growing media were given in Table 1.  According to the analyses results, the capacity of exchangeable cations and water holding capacity of M1 and M2 media were found higher than those of the other media. pH values of all growing media were determined as medium alkaline (7.9-8.4) according to the given limit values (Kellog, 1959). All growing media were found nonsalty (<0.15) according to given limit values (Lindsay and Norwell, 1969). Lime content of M3 and M4 media were determined as medium level (5-15). M1 and M2 growing media had more lime (1-5) according to reported limit values (Lindsay and Norwell, 1969). P levels were determined as low level (<5) in M1 medium and high level (>10) in the other media according to given limit values (Güner, 1969). Organic matter contents of M1 and M2 media were found as high level (>3). Organic matter levels were determined as the lowest (<1) and low (1-19), respectively in M3 an M4 growing media according to reported limit values by Lindsay and Norwell (1969). K content of torf growing medium was found as low (<150). K levels of the other media were found as adequate (200-300) according to reported limit values (Fawzi and Fouly, 1980). Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn levels were found adequate in all of the growing media according to given limit values (Viets and Lindsay, 1973). Pepper seedlings were harvested eight weeks after the seed sowing. Levels of some nutrients were analysed in dried and grinded seedling samples according to following methods reported by Kacar (1984). N content were determined by Kjeldahl Method. P level were analysed by spectrophotometric method. K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu Zn and Mn levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. DISCUSSION The effects of different growing media and doses on nutrient uptake of seedlings were in Table 2 and 3.   F values obtained in performed variance analysis of different growing media and doses were shown in Table 4.  Average nitrogen content of the seedlings was found as % 2.33 in M1 growing medium. It was determined that this value is significantly higher than those of the other growing media. Average nitrogen contents of seedlings were also found significantly different in the various nitrogen and phosphorus applications. The highest average nitrogen value was obtained in N3 P3 dose as % 2.16. Nitrogen value in the same growing medium was found signficantly different (P<0.001) from others. These differences usually occured as increasment. The highest nitrogen value was obtained in M2 growing medium with N3P3 dose. Jones et al. (1991) reported the inadequate value of nitrogen contents for mature young pepper leaves as %3.0-3.5. According to these values, it may be thought that nitrogen contents of seedlings are inadequate. Average phosphorus contents of seedlings were found significantly higher (P<0.001) in M2 and M3 growing media as %0.36 and %0.37, respectively. According to fertilizer doses, average phosphorus content obtained in N1P1 application was found significantly higher (P<0.001) than other doses as % 0.32. Available phosphorus contents of seedlings were decreased in M1, M3 and M4 growing media by the application of N1P1 dose. However, decreasment in phosphorus contents of seedlings in M2 growing medium was determined by the application of N2P2 dose. According to reported (Jones et al., 1991) limit values, phosphorus contents of seedlings were usually found insufficient levels (%0.22-0.70). The highest average potassium content was obtained in M1 growing medium as % 0.64. This value was found significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of the other growing media. Differences (P<0.001) among doses were determined significantly important. Average potassium content (%0.67) obtained in N2P2 dose was found higher than those of the other growing media. The highest average potassium value was found in M1 growing media whith N2P2 application as % 0.71. Potassium content of seedlings usually decreased with the increasment of nitrogen and phosphorus doses more than N2P2 dose and it was found insufficient with respect to given (Jones et al., 1991) values. Various growing media were found significantly different (P<0.001) for calcium content. Average calcium content obtained in M1 growing medium was higher than those of the other growing media as % 0.38. Differences (P<0.001) were also found among various doses. The highest values were obtained in N0P0 and N3P3 applications as % 0.34. The highest calcium contents was found in M2 growing medium with N3P3 application as %0.47. It was determined that calcium contents were insufficient (<1.30%) with respect to reported values (Jones et al., 1991). Average magnesium content of medium were found significantly higher (P<0.01) than those of the other media as % 0.39. Various nitrogen and phosphorus doses were not found significantly different for magnesium content of seedlings. Average magnesium value obtained in N3P3 application was determined higher than those of the other growing media. However, this difference was not significantly important. Magnesium values were found sufficient enough (%0.3-1.0) in all of the applications and growing media according to reported values by Jones et al (1991). Average iron content of seedlings was obtained significantly higher (P<0.001) than those of the other media as 241 ppm in M1 media. Fertilizer doses were found significantly different (P<0.001). The highest iron value was obtained in N2P2 applicatios as 194 ppm. The highest iron value was determined in M1 growing media with N3P3 application as 242 ppm. Iron contents of seedlings decreased with the increasement in nitrogen and phosphorus doses except M1 growing medium. Available iron contents were determined as sufficient with respect to given (Jones et al., 1991) value (60-300 ppm) in all of the growing media and doses. All growing media were found significantly different (P<0.001) for average seedling copper contents. Average copper content obtained in M4 growing medium was found higher than those of the other media as 20 ppm. Significant differences among doses were also found for copper content. Average copper value obtained in N0P0 application was detected higher than those of the other applications as 20 ppm. Copper values in all of the growing media and applications were found sufficient enough according the reported (Jones et al., 1991) values (6-25 ppm). Average zinc content in M3 media was obtained significantly higher (P<0.001) than those of the other growing media as 173 ppm. Significant differences among the doses were also found for zinc content. Average zinc value obtained in N0P0 application was determined higher than those of the other applications as 154 ppm. The highest zinc value was obtained in M3 growing media with N0P0 application as 216 ppm. Available zinc contents of seedlings were found sufficient enough with respect to given values (20-200 ppm) by Jones et al (1991). Differences (P<0.001) among growing media were detected for seedling manganese contents. Average manganese value obtained in M2 growing media was found higher than those of the other growing media as 80 ppm. Differences (P<0.001) were also found among the other fertilizer doses for manganese content. The manganese values obtained in N0P0 and N2P2 applications were found higher than those of the other applications as 69 ppm. The highest manganese value was found in M2 growing media with N3P3 application as 101 ppm. Manganese contents of seedlings were detected sufficient enough with respect to given (Jones et al., 1991) values (50-250 ppm). That low available K, Ca and Mg contents of seedlings in M2,M3 and M4 growing media with respect to those of M1 growing media can be explained with the leaching factor (Ergene, 1987) which is more effective in these growing media with low water holding capacity compared to M1 growing media. Mn, Cu and Zn contents usually decreased with the increasement in N and P doses. Therefore, there were antagonistic relationship among nutrients. In this study N3P3 dose were found less effective on the uptake of nutrients than those of the other applications. This can be explained with Mitscherlich theory (Aktaş, 1995). M1 and M2 media had positive effect on the uptake of nutrients of seedling samples with the respect to those of the other media. High level of cation exchange capacity, the water holding capacity and organic matter of these media may have positive effect on the seedling growth. Similarly, Gülser et al. (1998) reported that M1 and M2 growing media had more positive effect on the seedling growth than those of the other media. REFERENCES Aktaş, M., 1995. Bitki Besleme ve Toprak Verimliliği A.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 1501, Ankara. Çolakoğlu, H., Pekcan T., 1990. Damlama Sulama Sistemi ile Gübrelemenin Serada Domates Bitkileri Gelişmesi ve Besin Maddesi Alımına Etkisi. Türkiye 5. Seracılık Sempozyumu. Ege Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi, Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü ve Tarım, Orman ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Proje ve Uygulama Genel Müdürlüğü, 17-18-19 Ekim 1990, 131-138 s. İzmir Ergene, A., 1987. Toprak Biliminin Esasları Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, s (635), Erzurum. Fawzi, A.F.A. and M.M.El-Fauly, 1980. Soil and Leaf Analysis of Kin Different Areas in Egypt. Gülser, F., Türkmen, Ö., Kabay, T.,1998.The Effects of Different Growth Conditions and Application of Various Nitrogen and Phosphorus Doses on the Seed Germination and Quality of Pepper Seedling. M.Şefik Yeşilsoy International Symposium on Arid Region Soil International Agrohydrology. p(689-695). İzmir. Güner, U., 1968. İzmir Bölgesi Tarla Topraklarının Fosfor ve Potasyum İhtiyaçlarını Belirlemeye Yarayan Bazı Kimyasal Laboratuvar Metodlarının Neubauer Metodu ve Mukayesesine Dair Araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Yayınları, 13 Bornova. Jones,J.R., J.B., Wolf, B., Mills, H.A, 1991. Plant Analysis Handbook, Micro Macro Publishing, Inc. Kacar, B., 1984 a. Bitki Besleme. A.Ü.Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 899, Ankara. Kacar, B., 1984 b. Bitki Besleme Uygulama Kılavuzu. A.Ü.Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 900, Ankara. Kellog, C.E, 1952. Our Garden Soils. The Macmillan Company, Newyork. Lindsay, W.L., Norwell., W.A., 1969. Development of a DTPA Micronutrient Soil Test. Soil Sci. Am. Proc. 35: 600-602. Research and Training Center. 21-24 September, 1998. İzmir, Turkey. Şeniz, V., 1984. Sebzecilikte Fide Yetiştiriciliği ve Sorunları. Tarımsal Araştırmaları Destekleme ve Geliştirme Vakfı, Yayınları, 19, Yalova,97-98-99 s. Vites, F.G.and W.L.Lindsay, 1973. Testing Soils for Zinc, Cooper, Manganese and Iron, Editör: L.M.Walshand J.Beaton. Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer. Inc. Madison Wisconsin, U.S.A. |