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Füsun Gülser 1, Nalan Türkoğlu 2, R. İlknur Gazioğlu 2 1 University Of Yüzüncü Yıl, Faculty Of Agriculture, Department Of Soil Science, 65080 Van-Turkey 2 University of Yüzüncü Yıl, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 65080 Van-Turkey ABSTRACT Growing capabilty acacia ısn't enough the other plants in the soil of Y.Y. Campus area. Therefore, the results of afforestation studies aren't satisfied. It is aimed that determination of relationships in between malnutrition of acacia and soil characteristics in this study. Acacia trees 10-12 years old, were used as experimental plants. Tree length, corolla width, dry leaf weight, leaf surface area and amounts of some macro and micro nutrients of leaf were determined. Furthermore, some characteristics of soil samples in which trees are grown were analysed. Correlation analysis were applied in these data. Soil and plant relationship connected with malnutrition were determined. As a conclusion, research area soil was found inadequate for nitrogen and available phosphorus content. Furthermore, It was determined that iron and zinc contents of some soil samples were in critical levels. In adidition to, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of leaves samples obtained from trees at the plot areas were found at low levels. Besides, it was established that vegetative growth of these trees were weak, as well. INTRODUCTION It is very important to choose the best tree species in afforestation according to the soil and climate requirement of each tree species. Robinia pseudoacacia L. (False Acer), used in afforestation in the campus area of the University of Yüzüncü Yıl-Van, is a species which belongs to Leguminoseae family, this species is very abundant in Turkey (Seçmen et all, 1995). It has roots which undergo very deeply and spread around widely. As all leguminoseae there are mycorrhizas which fix free nitrogen in root tips of False Acer (Aşın and Özkan, 1993). It has no special climatic requirements. It can be grown succesfully even in areas with cold winter and dry summer. It is grown best in the river beds and refilled lands. It can be grown in shallow soil and it is tolerant to salinity. It is grown in all kinds of soil included dry, poor, and medium heavy ones (Ürgenç, 1992). According to the Atay's study, it is among the succesful species in afforestation of sandy beach areas. False Acer gives very succesful results in country landscape arrangements in narrow streets of cities and green areas because it is resistant to air pollution, grows fast and loosely, allows ligt penetration, stays long in inflorescence, has nice yellow leaves in autumn and grows in salty and alkaline soils (Orçun, 1975). The soil of campus area is alkaline, rich with clay and lime and poor with organic matter and zinc (Karaçal and Çimrin, 1997). This causes retardation in vegetative growth of False Acer as well as other plant species. For this reason, the expected results may not be obtained in afforestation. In this study, it is aimed to determine the nutrition and growth problems of Falce Acacia related to soil character in order to help the afforestration studies. MATERIALS and METHODS The campus area of the University of Y.Y. is 10 km northwest of the city of Van. The land of campus area contains Neojen marns, once under Lake Van at Kuvartner Times and later appeared from the lake terrases (Kempe and Degens 1978). The campus area has a temperate climatic characteristic with humid and low temperature and rare limitation in water according to Thronthwaite climatic classification (Anonymous, 1971). The limiting factor of plant growth beside the precipitation is soil in the campus area which has the lowest precipitation in the Lake Van region. Generally, the natural vegetation of this campus area has kserofit plants in step formation (Behçet and Altan, 1994). In the study, soil samples from 20,40,60,80 and 100 cm depth were taken by screw from eight different places in the campus afforestation area. Due to the obstacles from hard layers in soil, in some cases, samples could not be taken from same depths. According to Kacar (1994) in soil samples analyses of pH, salinity, lime, organic matter, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn were done by method of Jackson (1958), saturation condactivimeter (Richard, 1954), calcimeter (Allison and Moodie, 1965), modified Walkley Black method, sodiumbicarbonate method (Knudsen et all, 1982), 1N ammonium acetate extraction solution (Thomas,1982), DTPA method (Lindsay and Norwell, 1978) respectively. In the study 10-12 years old False Acer trees were used. In all areas leaf samples from eigth trees were taken from in each direction on the trees, dried and grinded. In the grinded leaf samples N was analysed by Kjeldahl method, P was spectrophotometric method. K, Ca,Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were by atomic absorption device according to Kacar (1984) respectively. Correlation analyses of the obtained results were done by SAS computer programme (Anonymous 1988).Tree heigth and crown diameter were measured by planimeter. The leaves were dried in drying oven at 65°C until constant weight. Then dried leaves were weighted by sensitive scale. DISCUSSION It was shown the results of analysis of soil samples obtained from different places in Campus area on Table 1.  According to limit values given, (Kellog, 1952), the soil samples were found low alcaline (7.4-7.8) and med alcaline (7.9-8.4). It was found that the soil samples were nonsalty (< 0.15) according to limit values given in the paper ( Anonymous, 1971). To limit values (Anonymous, 1971), about lime content, the soil is as follows; limy (1-5), med limy (5-15) and more limy (15-25). It was found that organic matter contents of the soil samples were very few, according to reported (Anonymous, 1971) limit values. It was found that the available phosphorus contents of soil were unadequate (<5) and med-levels to reported by Güner (1968). The potassium contents of the soil samples, except Dand G areas, were found adequate and high level (>200) on all profiles to reporded values (Fawzi and Fouly, 1980). It was determined that cooper and manganese contents of the soil were adequate to limit values reported by Viets and Lindsay (1973).Iron contents of the some soil samples were lower than 4.5 ppm and unadequate. It was found that zinc contents were unadequate (<0.5) and critical levels (0.5-1.0) in some soil samples, as well.The averages of the nutrients of the leaf samples from 10 trees randomly choosen at the each plot area were shown Table 2.  This properties established on the soil samples were seen similar with the study of Gülser (1992) and Karaçal and Çimrin (1997).As the averages were considered it was found that N and P contents of the leaf samples were unadequate at the whole plot area to given (Jones et all, 1991) limit values. Similarly, potassium and calcium levels were found unadequate (<1.23 and <1.54) at the F and G samples areas. It was found that magnesssium content was unadequate at the B area (<0.36). Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn contents of the leaves on the whole areas were adequate and were > 22.4 ppm, >13ppm, >1.13 ppm and>33ppm respectively. The values of the length of the trees, width of the crown, the leaf surface area and weight of the dry leaf were shown on Table 3.  The crown width and length of the trees were between 1.6-2.8 m and 2.8-4.2 respectively. The trees were shown weak growth therefore the crown width and length of the tree 10 m and 5-25 m respectively, as reported on the papers (Ürgenç 1998; Tanrıverdi, 1987; Odabaş, 1989). According to the result of the performed correlation analyses, linear correlation coefficient values between the leaf and soil properties were shown on Table 4.  It was found positive correlation between pH level on soil samples and K and Mg values of leaf samples on the level of 5% and 1% respectively. It was found important positive correlations between salt level on soil and K and Mg content of the leaf on the level of 1% and between salt level and leaf Mn level on the level of 5%. İmportant positive correlations were found between in lime content of the soil samples and leaf K level (P<0.01) It was found posifive important (P<0.05) correlations beween phosphorus on soil and Mg and Fe level on the leaves. It was found important negative correlations between phosphorus on the soil and mangan level of the leaf at the level of 5%.It was determined important positive correlations between K level of the soil and Fe content of the leaf (<0.05). Important negative correlations between Mg level on the soil and nitrogen level of the leaf were found at the level of 5 %. Negative correlations between manganese content of the leaf and cooper content of the soil, positive correlations, between zinc content of the soil and manganese content of the leaf were found (P<0.05). To find out malnutrition of the trees, the correlations before mentioned were found unadequate. Similarly, Johansson (1978) reported that leaf analyses supply knows that soil analyses can not reveal, and it should be considered the effect of complicated interactions between nutrients. It was found important negative correlations between pH level of the soil and soil P, Ca and K levels (<0.01 and P <0.001). Similarly, negative correlations between lime and P, Ca and K levels. Therefore, it should be considered that high pH level and lime level effect negatively uptaking of P, K and Ca. Phosphorus content was determined also unadequate according to soil analyses, may have effected negatively plant growth. Soil of the research area are very poor about organic matters because of this area has unmature and noncultivar young soil. This case, may be the cause of negative factor for plant growth. Aktaş (1995) revealed that growth range and vegetative growth period decreased on plants with deficient nitrogen and posphorus levels. Unsufficient rainfall may be the cause to fail on the afforestation in this area. As a conclusion, to success on afforestation, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization together with irrigation, may be advised. When critical iron and zinc levels on the soil were noticed, to prevent further deficiency, these elements can add to soil. REFERENCES Aktaş, M., 1995. Bitki Besleme ve Toprak Verimliliği A.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 1501, Ankara. Anonymous, 1971. Van Gölü Havzası Toprakları, Tarım Orman ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı, Toprak-Su Anonymous, 1988. Pc SAS User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Inst. Inc. Cary. NC. Aşın, R., Özkan, C., 1993. Tohumlu Bitkiler (Spermatophyta) Odunsu Taksonlar. K.T.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, 19, Trabzon Behçet, L., Altan, Y., 1994. Van, Erçek, Turna ve Bostaniçi Göllerinin Sucul Florası Tr.J. of Botany, 18, 91-98. Fawzi, A.F.A. and M.M.El-Fouly, 1980. Soil and Leaf Analysis of Kin Different Areas in Egypt. Genel Müd. Yayınları, 28, Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Yayınları, 197, Raporlar serisi, 67 Ankara. Gülser, F.,1992 - Van Gölü Havzası Büyük Toprak Gruplarının Verimlilik Durumları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Güner, U., 1968. İzmir Bölgesi Tarla Topraklarının Fosfor ve Potasyum İhtiyaçlarını Belirlemeye yarayan Bazı Kimyasal Laboratuvar Metodlarının Neubauer Metodu ve Mukayesesine Dair Araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Yayınları, 13 Bornova. Johansson, J., 1978. Acta Agriculture Scandinavica 28 (1978). Effect of Nutrient Levels on Growth, Flowering and Leaf Nutrient Content of Greenhouse Roses. Kacar, B., 1984. Bitki Besleme Uygulama Kılavuzu. A.Ü.Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 900, Ankara. Kacar,B.,1994.Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal Analizleri III. Toprak Analizleri. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Eğitim Araştırma ve Geliştirme Vakfı Yayınları,3 Ankara Karaçal, İ, Çimrin, M., 1997. Y.Y.Ü. Kampus Alanı Toprak Profillerinin Zn Durumu ve Bu Elementin Bazı Toprak Özellikleri ile İlişkileri. Ulusal Çinko Kongresi 12-16 Mayıs 1997. Anadolu Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü, Eskişehir. Kellog, C.E, 1952. Our Garden Soils. The Macmillan Company, Newyork. Kempe, S., Degens, E.T., 1978. The geology of Lake Van M.T.A. Yayınları, 169. Odabaşı, A., 1989. Park ve Bahçe Süs Bitkileri TAV Yayınları, 18. Yalova. Orçun, E., 1975. Dendroloji II. Ege Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 26, Bornova, Seçmen, Ö, Gemici, Y., Görk, G., Bekat, L., Leblebici E., 1995. Tohumlu Bitkiler Sistematiği Ege Üniv. Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi, No:116, İzmir. Tanrıverdi, F., 1987. Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bahçe Sanatının Temel İlkeleri ve Uygulama Metodları. A.Ü. Yayınları, 643, Erzurum. Ürgenç, S., 1992, Ağaç ve Süs Bitkileri Fidanlık Yetiştirme Tekniği. İ.Ü.Orman Fakültesi Yayınları,418. İstanbul. Ürgenç, S., 1998. Ağaçlandırma Teknikleri. İ. Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, 441, İstanbul. Vites, F.G.and W.L.Lindsay, 1973. Testing Soils for Zinc, Cooper, Manganese and Iron, Editör: L.M.Walshand J.Beaton. Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer. Inc. Medison Visconsin, U.S.A |