|
|
| Bildiri Özetleri | |
| Ana Sayfaya Dönüş |
| ISD Ana Sayfası |
|
Ayhan Horuz, Ahmet Korkmaz Ondokuz Mayıs University, Department of Soil Science, Samsun-Turkey ABSTRACT This survey study was carried out in Terme and Unye regions in order to determine the macro and micro nutrient status in hazelnut leaves. Hazelnut is one of the most important agricultural crops, especially in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Hazelnut leaves were sampled from twenty one orchards in Terme and thirty orchards in Unye. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu analysis were done in the hazelnut leaf samples. The maximum, minimum and mean values for mentioned plant nutrients were presented in this study. INTRODUCTION Analyzing the leaf samples is one of the most useful methods for determination of the plant nutrition requirements. The plant analysis give a benefit to prevent the plant nutritional disorders, especially in fruit trees. Since determination of nutrient requirements in fruit trees takes much more time when comparing with annual plants. Therefore, determining the nutrient status in hazelnut orchards and carrying out the fertility and productiving of these lands are very important in planning of the fertilizer programs. Determining nutrient status of plants sampled in a large survey study and comparing the results with some certain criteria provide to carry out the fertility potential of hazelnut plant. In this case, sufficient and deficient areas can be determined according to nutrient status in hazelnut plants. The aim of this study was to determine macro nutrient status of the hazelnut plants in Terme and Unye regions beside micro nutrient status, which has an important effect on quality properties in hazelnut, and to investigate the relationships among them. MATERIALS and METHODS Total 153 hazelnut samples, from 21 orchards in Terme and 30 orchards in Unye were sampled from the youngest shoots with 3 replications in 1995 according to Ibrikçi et al. (1994). The leaf samples were washed with distilled water, dried and ground in a mill. The samples of the ground leaves were digested in concentrated nitric and perchloric acid (4:1-HNO3:HCIO4) and analyzed for P colorimetrically by Kacar (1972), and for Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu by AAS. Also the ground sampled were used for determining total nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method (Kacar 1984). Statistical analysis of the results were done using TARIS package program and evaluated according to Tosun (1990). RESULTS and DISCUSSION In this survey study N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu contents of hazelnut plants in Terme and Unye and their relationship each others were investigated. For total 153 leaf samples from 51 different hazelnut orchards representing these regions, the maximum, minimum, mean, and standard deviation values for the nutrient contents of hazelnut leaves are given in Table 1. The results of the leaf analysis were investigated according to the limit levels in the previous works about hazelnut nutrition and soil analysis results. These results were evaluated with respect to the most suiTable values for Black Sea Region.  The hazelnut plant nutrient status in Terme and Unye regions were classified according to the limit levels and given in Table 2.  Macro Elements Nitrogen : Total N contents in the hazelnut leaves varied from 1.39 % to 2.90 % with an average of 2.27 % and standard deviation of 0.33 in Terme, and also varied from 1.46 % to 3.54 %, with an average of 2.32 % and standard deviation of 0.44 in Unye (Table 1). When total nitrogen analysis results were evaluated according to Ibrikçi et al. (1994), nitrogen levels in the leaf samples were found to be 84.14 % low, 15.87 % sufficient in Terme, and found to be 68.89 % low, 30.00 % sufficient and 1.11 % high in Unye (Table 2). Nitrogen is an important element for plant nutrition (Romisonda et al., 1983). Sufficient N levels were reported to be 2.30 % - 2.50 % by Painter (1963), 2.50 % by Molne (1976), 2.60 % by Romisonda et al. (1983), 2.20 %-2.50 % by Chaplin (1981). Organic matter content, clay type and its quantity in the region soils influence the nitrogen contents in soils and nitrogen levels in hazelnut leaves. In Terme, it was found that N contents in the leaf samples showed significant positive correlation with P content (r=0.324**) and significant negative correlation with Ca content (r=-0.398**). Beyhan et al. (1996) and Aydın et al. (1997) reported that there is a synergistic relationship between N and P. Attributing to Simpson (1986), Aktaş (1994) found that there was a synergistic effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on potato yield. N contents in the leaf samples in Unye showed negative correlation with Ca (r=-0.288*) and Fe (r=-0.250*) contents. The similar results were also obtained in palaz hazelnut variety by Beyhan et al. (1996) and in pistachio plant by Uzunharman (1995). Phosphorus : P contents in the hazelnut leaves varied from 0.11 % and 0.27 % with an average of 0.18 % and standard deviation of 0.04 in Terme, and also varried from 0.09 % to 0.27 %, with an average of 0.16 % and standard deviation of 0.04 in Unye (Table 1). When phosphorus analysis results were evaluated according to Ibrikçi et al. (1994), phosphorus levels in the leaf samples were found to be 19.05 % low, 80.95 % sufficient in Terme, and found to be 47.78 % low and 52.22 % sufficient in Unye (Table 2). Phosphorus plays an useful role in insemination and formation of fruit although hazelnut shows minimum response with the increasing dosage of this element (Painter, 1963; Molne 1976; Baron et all. 1985, Tous et all. 1987). Sufficient P contens for hazelnut leaves stated to be 0.13 % - 0.60 % by Chaplin (1981), 0.11 % by Lopez- Acevedo (1983), 0.18 % by Molne (1976), 0.14 %- 0.16 % by Painter (1963). Genç (1969), in his study, found that sufficient P amount in hazelnut leaves was 0.15 % P contents in plants are influenced by form of P existing in soil, soil pH and absorption ratio by plants. In our study, P contents were found to be low in the soils had low pH. Therefore P contents in the plants were also found to be low. Except N, P contents of the samples in Terme did not show any correlation statistically with the other elements. There was a significant positive correlation between P and K contents of the leaf samples (r=0.426*) in Unye. Potassium : Potassium contents in the hazelnut leaves varied from 0.32 % to 0.93 % with an average of 0.60 % and standard deviation of 0.14 in Terme, and also varied from 0.26 % to 0.78 %, with an average of 0.53 % and standard deviation of 0.12 in Unye (Table 1). When total potassium analysis results were evaluated according to Baron et al. (1985), potassium levels in the leaf samples were found to be 9.52 % severe deficient, 31.75 % deficient, 53.97 % medium, 4.76 % optimum in Terme, and found to be 15.55 % severe deficient, 53.33 % deficient and 31.12 % medium in Unye (Table 2). K plays an important role in increasing of the production quality and the grain size because of increasing assimilation of N in leaves (Painter and Hammer, 1962). Sufficient K amount in hazelnut leaves were informed to be between 0.90 % and 1.00 % by Painter (1963), 0.95 % By Molne (1976), 0.80 % - 3.00% by Chaplin (1981) and 0.80 % by Kowalenko (1982). Genç (1969) reported that it was between 0.60 % and 0.70 %. The K contents in the leaf samples showed significant negative correlation with Mg contents (r=-0.276*) and Mn contents (r=-0.282) in Terme, and also positive correlation with Ca contents (r=0.240*) in Unye. Aktat (1994) stated that there was an anthogotistic correlation between K and Mg. Calcium : Calcium contents in the hazelnut leaves varied from 1.22 % to 3.47 % with an average of 2.09 % and standard deviation of 0.55 in Terme, and also varied from 1.20 % to 3.24 %, with an average of 2.25 % and standard deviation of 0.48 in Unye (Table 1). When calcium analysis results were evaluated according to Chaplin (1981), calcium levels in the leaf samples were found to be 74.60 % sufficient and 25.40 % high in Terme, and found to be 71.11 % sufficient, 28.89 % high in Unye (Table 2). The limit levels for Ca were reported as 1.35 % - 1.50 % by Painter (1963), 1.10 % by Molne (1976), 0.60 % - 2.50 % by Chaplin (1981) and 1.44 % by Kowalenko (1982). Ca which is an important nutrient element in fruit composition is necessary for a good increase in size and development of fruit Molne (1976). It was obtained that there was a significant positive correlation between Ca and Fe contents (r=0.244*). The similar results were also obtained by Uzunharman (1995). Magnesium : Magnesium contents in the hazelnut leaves varied from 0.19 % to 0.50 % with an average of 0.31 % and standard deviation of 0.07 in Terme, and also varied from 0.16 % to 1.56 %, with an average of 0.27 % and standard deviation of 0.15 in Unye (Table 1). When calcium analysis results were evaluated according to Painter (1963), magnesium levels in the leaf samples were found to be 3.18 % low, 74.60 % sufficient and 22.22 % high in Terme, and found to be 13.33 % low, 82.23 % sufficient and 4.44 % high in Unye (Table 2). The sufficient Mg amounts in hazelnut plant were reported as between 0.20 % and 0.35 % by Painter (1963), 0.20 % by Molne ( 1976), 0.24 - 1.00 % by Chaplin ( 1981) and 0.24 - 0.31 by Kowalenko (1984). It was found that there was a significant positive correlation between Mg contents and Fe contents (r=0.465**) in Terme region. Also, Uzunharman (1995) found the similar relationship. Micro Elements Iron : Iron contents in the hazelnut leaves varied from 221.20 ppm to 1241.14 ppm with an average of 505.09 ppm and standard deviation of 237.34 in Terme, and also varied from 140.33 ppm to 1770.92 ppm, with an average of 420.88 ppm and standard deviation of 331.76 in Unye (Table 1). When ıron analysis results were evaluated according to Chaplin (1981), ıron levels in the leaf samples were found to be 44.44 % sufficient and 55.56 % high in Terme, and found to be 67.78 % sufficient, 32.22 % high in Unye (Table 2). Iron exists in component of some proteins in chain of fotosentes. That fotosentetic activity falls with a decrease in available Fe amount (Marschner 1986; Dejong 1982). İt was informed that sufficient Fe contents in hazelnut plants are 180 ppm by Molne (1976), 167 ppm by Lopez-Acevedo (1983). Fe contents ın the leaf samples of hazelnut plant showed significant negative correlation with Mn contents (r=-0.312*) in Terme region. Aktat (1981) reported that Fe application to soil decreased Mn contents of plants. A positive correlation between Fe and Cu contents (r=0.423**) was found in the leaf samples in Unye region. Manganese : Manganese contents in the hazelnut leaves varied from 96.90 ppm to 1297.51 ppm with an average of 481.01 ppm and standard deviation of 331.07 in Terme, and also varied from 44.28 ppm to 4822.46 ppm, with an average of 854.72 ppm and standard deviation of 875.84 in Unye (Table 1). When manganese analysis results were evaluated according to Chaplin (1981), calcium levels in the leaf samples were found to be 82.54 % sufficient and 17.46 % high in Terme, and found to be 65.56 % sufficient, 34.44 % high in Unye (Table 2). Sufficient Mn levels for hazelnut plant were reported as 250 ppm by Molne (1976) and Romisonda et al. (1983), 157ppm By Lopez-Acevedo (1983), 25-100 ppm by Ibrikçi et al. (1994). In the low pH conditions in soils, availability of Mn for plants is higher because of increasing solubility of Mn in low pH conditions Aydemir (1985). But, excess Mn in soil can have a toxic effect for plants. Mn ion in soils decreases hundred times for increasing each pH unit Lindsay (1972). Therefore, in high pH conditions, Mn availability will not be adequate for plant requirement. According to the experimental results by Page (1962), increments in pH increase the production of Mn-organic matter complex. These complex have a decrease effect in Mn availability. Mn deficiency is seen in the soils which have high pH levels and high organic matter contents (Aydemir, 1985). Zinc : Zinc contents in the hazelnut leaves varied from 11.80 ppm to 121.60 ppm with an average of 25.06 ppm and standard deviation of 15.20 in Terme, and also varied from 6.44 ppm to 69.64 ppm, with an average of 27.35 ppm and standard deviation of 11.15 in Unye (Table 1). When Zinc analysis results were evaluated according to Painter (1983), zinc levels in the leaf samples were found to be 50.79 % low, 47.62 % sufficient and 1.59 % high in Terme, and found to be 37.78 % low, 61.11 % sufficient and 1.11 % high in Unye (Table 2). Sufficient limit levels for Zn were determined as 19 - 20 ppm by Kowalenko (1982), 15-80 ppm by Chaplin (1981). Copper : Copper contents in the hazelnut leaves varied from 3.25 ppm to 12.43 ppm with an average of 5.69 ppm and standard deviation of 1.82 in Terme, and also varied from 2.69 ppm to 20.23 ppm, with an average of 6.64 ppm and standard deviation of 2.84 in Unye (Table 1). When copper analysis results were evaluated according to Ibrikçi et al. (1994), copper levels in the leaf samples were found to be 66.67 % low, 31.75 % sufficient and 1.58 % high in Terme, and found to be 42.22 % low, 54.45 % sufficient and 3.33 % high in Unye (Table 2). Sufficient Cu levels for hazelnut plant were stated as 40 ppm by Molne (1976), 2 - 50 ppm by Chaplin (1981), 7 - 10 ppm by Kowalenko (1982). Ibrikçi et al. (1994) also found 6 - 12 ppm for sufficient Cu level in the hazelnut leaves. REFERENCES Aktat M., (1981). Demir Gübrelemesinin Soya Fasulyesi Bitkisinin Fosfor, Çinko, Mangan ve Bakir Kapsamı Üzerine Etkisi. A.Ü. Zir. Fak. Yıllığı 31, S: 49-57. Aktaş M., (1994). Bitki Besleme ve Toprak Verimliliği. A.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Yayın No:1361, Ders Kitabı:395, Ankara. Aydemir O., (1985). Bitki Besleme ve Toprak Verimliliği. A.Ü. Ziraat Fak. S. 1-286 Erzurum. Aydın, I., Uzun F. Ve Sürücü A., (1997). Asit Reaksiyonlu Toprakta Kireç, Azot ve Fosfor Uygulamasının Macar fiğinde Mineral Element İçeriğine Etkisi. Turkish Jr. Of Agric. And Forestry. 21 (3), 281-288. Baron L.C., Riggert C. and Stebbins R.L., (1985). Groving Hazelnut in Oregon. Ed. Oregon State University Extension Service, 20 p. Beyhan, N., Sürücü A., Korkmaz A. ve Demir T., (1996). Farklı Azot Dozlarının Palaz Fındık Çeşidinde Yapraklardaki Besin Element Düzeylerine Etkisi. Fındık ve Diğer Sert Kabuklu Meyveler Sempozyumu. OMÜ. Ziraat Fak. Samsun S: 68-76. Chaplin M.H., (1981). Intervalos Criticos de Nutrientes en Avellano. Refered as Personal Communication in Lopez-Acevedo Dejong T.M., (1982). Leaf Nitrogen Cotents and CO2 Assimilation in Peach. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 107 (6), S: 955-959. Genç, Ç., (1969). Fındık Gübrelemesi. Tarım Bakanlığı Ziraat İşleri Gen. Müd. Yayınları A-134, Dizerkonca Matbaası. İstanbul. İbrikçi, H., Gülüt K.Y. ve Güzel N., (1994). Gübrelemede Bitki Analiz Teknikleri. Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Genel Yayın No: 95 Ders Kitapları Yayın No: 8 S. 1-75 Adana Kacar, B., (1972). Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal Analizleri 2. Bitki Analizleri Ankara Üniv. Zir.Fak. Yayınları No:453, S. 1-646 Ankara. Kacar, B., (1984). Bitki Besleme Uygulama Klavuzu. A.Ü. Zir. Fak. Yay: 900 Uygulama Klavuzları:214, S. 1-140 Ankara Kowalenko, C.G., (1982). Soesenal Effects on Leaf Nutriend Concentrations of Filbert Canadian Journal of Soil Sceience G.2.1 (209-211). Lindsay, W.L., (1972). Inorganic phase equilibria of micronutrients in soils. In J.J. Mortveds et al., ed Micronutrients in Agriculture, soil Sci. Soc. Inc p. 41-57, Madison, Winsconsin USA. Lopez-Acevedo, M., (1983). Estudio de la Fertilizacion del Avellano Mediante Diagnostico Foliar. Memoria Correspondiente al Convenion entre la Diputacion de Tarragona y la Universidat Politecnica de Barcelona. Marschner H., (1986). Mineral Nutrition in Higher Plants. Acedemic Press, 674 pp. Molne R., (1976). Observaciones Para Una Racionalizaion y Economia en el Abonado de los avellanos. I Congreso International de Almendra y Avellana. Memoria , Reus, Spain: 191-210. Page, E.R., (1962). Studies in soil and plant manganese. Plant and Soil. 16:247-257. Painter, J.H. and H.E. Hammer, (1962). Effect of Differential Applications of Nitrogen K, Mg,Bor and Phosphorus on Their Concentration in Leaves of Filbert Trees. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Vol. 80:315-326. Painter, J.H., (1963). A Recent Leaf Analysis Service Development of Importance to Nut Growers in Oregon. Nut Growers Assoc. Washington Proc. 496-8. Romisondo P., Manzo P. And Tombesi A., (1983). Scelta delle Cultivar. Aspetti della Tecnica Colyurale e Loro Riflessi Sulla Cualita delle Produzioni. Atti del Cunvegno Internazionale sul Nocciuolo. Avellino (Italia) 395-405. Stebbins, R.L., (1969). The concept of Plant Analysis and How To Take A Leaf Somple.Fr. 118 Reuised June 1969. Tosun, F., (1990). Tarımda Uygulamalı İstatistiksel Metodları, O.M.Ü. Zir. Fak., Samsun. Tous J., Rovira M. and Plana J., (1987). Cultivo del Avellano. Fruticultura Profeccional, No: 11:115-123. Uzunharman A., (1995). Şanlıurfa Yöresinde Antep Fıstığı (Pitacia vera L.) Yetiştirilen Toprakların Bazı Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Özellikleri İle Antep Fıstığı Bitkisinin Kimi Besin Maddesi İçerikleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, A.Ü. fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. |