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Tuncay Demirer 1, Canan Öztokat Kuzucu 2 1 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Department of Soil Science, 17100-Çanakkale 2 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Department of Horticulture, 17100-Çanakkale ABSTRACT This research has been carried out to increase the production of cos lettuce, cucumber and tomato under unheated high tunnels with plastic covers at the research farm of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. This research was applied to split plot design with 4 replications and included 3 plants, 35 subjects and also 420 seedling bags. Seedling compost was composed of peat, pumice, perlite, organic fertilizer and rice husks. This composition was mixed in the ratios of 1/4+3/4, 2/4+2/4, 3/4+1/4 respectively. The following parameters were determined: germination period, the period for development of 4-6 leaves, the height of seedlings and the number of leaves, were determined. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance and compared with Duncan test. The best results were obtained by using the combinations of peat, perlite and pumice. INTRODUCTION In Turkey 18 944 345 tons of vegetable was produced from 785 212 000 da. 1 491 390 tons of this production is leaf vegetables (249 000 ton lettuce), 16 101 00 is fruit bearing vegetables (7 250 000 ton tomato and 1 250 000 ton cucumber) (Anon., 1995). Because of its climate, geography, easy transportation possibilities and industrial structure, Çanakkale is a city in which intensive farming has been done. Crop production continues on 353 589 ha and vegetable crops cover 16 359 ha. In these areas lettuce (104 ha), tomato (7 616 ha) and cucumber (476 ha) are commonly grown. In plant production maximum yield is possible as long as sub and upper soil conditions are convenient. Upper soil (controlled mediums) (greenhouses) conditions can be controlled more easily for sub soil conditions (planting medium) it is more important to contain sufficient water, mineral matter, oxygen and cleanliness from insects, diseases and weed seeds (Şeniz and Boztok, 1974). In plant production, especially in vegetable crop production direct seed planting or seedling plantings are possible. Seedling enables early harvest, saving money from time, energy and seed, and getting healthy plants (Şeniz, 1984). Using high quality seedlings are necessary to guarantee high yields and for this compost is an important input. A good quality compost must have sufficient drainage, ventilation and tampon capacity, absorb water and nutrient elements, be naturally neutral (6.5-7.5), sterile, clean from insects and diseases, easily found and cheap, show no salinity problem and be also ready to use physically and chemically (Alan, 1990; Demirer et.al., 1998; Demirer, 1998; Güzel, 1999). For this reason beside peat and organic fertilizer, which are the most important ingredients of the compost, perlite, pumice and rice husks were also used completely or in different proportions to contribute to cucumber, tomato and lettuce farming for table and industrial consumption in Çanakkale. MATERIAL and METHOD The research was carried out in the unheated plastic high tunnel at the research farm of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. Tests plants were Colono cv. (lettuce), Urbana cv. (tomato), Maraton (cucumber) while peat, pumice, perlite, rice husks and organic fertilizers were used as seedling compost. During the research 138 mg N/L, 58 mg P/L, 112 mg K/L solutions were used as fertilizers. Research was designed according to split plot design with 4 replications including 3 plants, 35 subjects and also 420 seedling bags. Seedling composts were mixed in the ratios of 1/4+3/4, 2/4+2/4, 3/4+1/4 and complete forms. Organic materials were disinfected with methylbromite and after ventilating 2 days filled into 16x16.5 cm size black polyethylene bags. In filling the bags, 1 cm margin was left from the top edge of the bags and the composts were pressed slightly (Şeniz, 1984; Varış, 1991). Bags having rice husks and husk mixtures were added N (ammonıum nitrate) (10% of husk weight) in order to regulate the C:N ratio. To all bags 1 cm long drainage splits (2 cm from the bottom) were opened at 4 different places (Varış, 1991). Each bag was watered one-day before planting and 3 seeds, which had been soaked in distillated water for 3-4 hours, were planted. After covering the seeds with the compost and pressing slightly, they were watered again (100cc/bag). After germination the healthy seedlings were retained but and the others removed. Seedling bags were placed with 15-20 cm intervals on raised soil in the greenhouse to prevent them etiolate (Şeniz, 1984). The greenhouse was kept at 20°C by airing. Watering was done early in the morning with solutions, which were prepared before and kept at 15°C with a dose of 150 ml/bag/day. The solutions were controlled frequently to keep the pH in neutral limits. The parameters of germination period, period for development of 4-6 leaves, seedling height and leaf numbers were determined. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance and compared with Duncan test. FINDINGS and DISCUSSION The results of the analysis of variance and Duncan grouping of the research data were shown in Table 1-2. The medium and the medium-plant interaction were found to be statistically significant (p<0.01) for germination and the time for reaching the 4-6 leaves stage. For seedling height and the number of leaves, however, medium, plant and their interactions were found to be statistically significant (p<0.01) factors. In the research we have observed no germination at number 32 and 34 subjects in all replications so that none of the parameters was evaluated. The same problem was also observed in some replications that had high organic fertilizer and rice husks. The existence of high levels of proteins and other N compounds which eventually convert to ammonia and nitrate in organic materials and spoiled texture resulted in the lengthened emergence time and also seedling deaths (Güzel, 1999). Germination time began from 6 days at peat, perlite and pumice mixtures but extended to 12 days at mixtures (2/4 or 3/4) that had higher organic materials (Table 1). Research results are parallel some researchers who state that if temperature and soil textures are convenient, germination will occur between 7-15 days (Şeniz and Boztok, 1974; Şeniz, 1984). When the germination time was reviewed with respect to the plant type, cucumbers germinated and emerged in 7 days, tomatoes and lettuces in 8 days (Table 1). Time of reaching 4-6 leaves stages changed between 20-25 days from planting. This duration was 20 days at peat, perlitte, pumice and their mixtures with each other but was longer to 25 days at rice husks and organic fertilizer mixtures with each other and with other inorganic materials (Table 1). This 5 days extension could be explained with low water holding and permeability but high air capacity (Şeniz and Boztok, 1974; Şeniz, 1984; Güzel, 1999). Seedling height changed between 7.40 and 16 cm according to the medium material, 9.29 and 12.81 according to plant. Leaf number changed between 4 and 8 according to medium material. According to plants leaf number was determined 7.35 for lettuce, 5.67 for tomato and 5.76 for cucumber (Table 1). If the subject was considered took up for interactions, germination time was found between 4 and 13-14 days; and reaching 4-6 leaves stage changed between 19-20 days. This duration was observed to be shorter in peat, perlite and pumice mixtures but longer in organic fertilizer and rice husks. Seedling heights changed between 6.5-18 for tomato, 5.8-13 cm for lettuce and 5.9-17 cm for cucumbers. These values were determined high in peat mixtures but low at rice husks and organic fertilizer mixtures. Leaf numbers were determined as 4-8 for tomato, 4-12 for lettuce and 4-9 for cucumber but no relations were found with medium materials.   DISCUSSION Using 100% organic materials in seedling growing causes toxicity because of decomposition and ammoniafication. For this reason, using completely decomposed sterile inorganic materials mixed with the high quality organic matters and having good texture, airing and water holding capacities leads to better seedlings and higher germination ratios. The best results were obtained from peat+pumice, peat+perlitte or perlitte+pumice combinations so that these combinations were found to be advisable. REFERENCES Alan R., (1990). Serada kullanılan bazı yetiştirme ortamları ve özellikleri. Türkiye V. Seracılık Sempozyumu. İZMİR. Anonymous, (1995). Tarımsal yapı ve üretim. DİE Yayınları. ANKARA. Anonymous, (1999). T. O. ve K. İ. B. Tarım il müdürlüğü. Yayınlanmamış Tarım İstatistikleri Raporu. ÇANAKKALE. Demirer T. (1998). Tarım ve değişik oranlarda karışık ortamların sabit bakım şartlarında marulda verim ve kaliteye etkisi. Ç.O.M.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma Raporları (Basılmamış), ÇANAKKALE. Demirer T., Müftüoğlu N. M., Öztokat C. (1998). Toprak, dere kumu, perlit, pomza taşı ve odun talaşında yetiştirilen hıyar bitkisinin verim ve kalite kriterlerinin karşılaştırılması. Ege Bölgesi I. Tarım Kongresi. 7-11 Eylül. AYDIN. Güzel N. (1999). Süs bitkileri gübrelemesi. Ç. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Kitabı No: 113 ADANA. Şeniz V. (1984). Sebzecilikte fide yetiştiriciliği ve sorunları. Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Araştırma Enstitüsü. Yayın No: 60. YALOVA. Şeniz V. Boztok K. (1974). Tohum ekim kasaları ve fide yetiştirme saksıları için hazırlanan farklı harçların, sera domates bitkilerinin gelişmesi, verim ve ekenciliği üzerine etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 11 (3): 535 - 555 Varış S. (1991) Topraksız kültür ve ülkemiz seralarının, dünü, bugünü ve yarını. Salat Haberler, 76-3 Yurtsever N. (1984). Deneysel istatistik metotları, T. O. ve K. İ. B. Köy Hizmetler Genel Müdürlüğü, Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Genel Yayın No: 121, ANKARA |