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IN KARAPINAR WIND EROSION CONTROL AREA Mevlüt Demiryürek Köy Hizmetleri Konya Araştırma Enstitüsü, Konya ABSTRACT The project area covers 13.000 hectares which is sub-divided to different areas taking into consideration the nature of problems and the types of measures to be taken. The problem areas of Karapınar covers 4.300 hectares of shifting dunes, 4.000 hectares of dune shadows, 3.200 hectares of flat land very sensitive to erosion and 1.500 hectares of basaltic rocks. İn this project, dimensions and methods , the most economic means of prevention , were determined through a series of researches. Construction of red-screens to decrease wind speed which causes the sand dunes move is included in the first phase of prevention works. İn the second phase, spaces between the screens were grassed with perennial and drought resistant plant. Afforestation , the third phase , included planting locally adapted large and needle-leaved trees. The third-phased practices implemented in the problem area prevented the continuous movement sand dunes. - Strip farming system counter to dominant to wind direction at 40-60 m. width on the area of 2.000 hectares (1.000 hectares cultivated,1.000 hectares fallowed) gave satisfactory in controlling sand. - Construction of red-screens (at 1.m height and 8-10m at width) on the sand dune area of 4.300 hectares to decrease wind speed stabilised the sand dunes and spaces between the screens should be grassed with perennial and drought resistant plant. - Afforestattion should include planting locally adapted large and needle -leaved trees. The third-phased practices implemented in the problem area prevented the continuous movement sand dunes. - For meadow amelioration bare areas should be planted to cultivated and locally adopted plants and mixed grass seeds should be sawn by drills on areas where natural vegetation has been removed. Overgrazing was the one of the main reasons of wind erosion. INTRODUCTION Turkey has a total land area of 78 million ha, of which around 28 million ha is used for arable farming. Large area of the arable land deteriorated due to the erosion by wind, because it is characterised with a fragile soil, lower precipitation, and erosive wind. Due to signs of soil erosion by wind are currently visible across the country's farmland, woodland and rangeland. In Turkey wind erosion is a detrimental problem especially in southern part of central Anatolia, which is the driest zone of the country, and in Kars province in the East. However, it also occurs in coastal areas. 466.000 hectares of land are subject to wind erosion varying from slight to excessive, and approximately 70 % of this area are within the boundaries of Konya Province. The soils in the area subjected to wind erosion, are alluvial, colluvial, sierozem and regosol that have a texture of light sandy loam on upper layers and heavy clay on lower layers. They are rich in lime and potash and poor in organic materials and phosphorus. Destruction of natural cover when the land was put in cultivation or by overgrazing exposed it to wind. To project the land, we must provide a substitute for this cover. Exposure of soil of wind for even short periods may result in severe erosion. Maintenance or apply adequate measures, therefore, becomes the primary goal of all wind erosion control efforts. To set up a significantly based soil conservation strategies, for arable land in Central Anatolia, and to reduce susceptibility of land to wind erosion and mitigate its effect when does occur, we need to develop appropriate management for controlling wind erosion and assessing on-site and off-site damage and choice for adaptive measures that combat land degradation. MATERIAL Karapınar sub-province, which is situated on Konya -Adana highway, is at a distance of 95 km to Konya. It covers an are a of 4315 square kilometers. It is bounded on the north and west by konya plain, on the east by Karacadag and on the south by Andıklı, Küçük Kartan and Büyük Kartan Hills. The area consists of alluvial, colluvial, sieorezem and regosol soils which have a textüre of light sandy loam on upper layers and of heavy clay on lower layers. They are rich in lime and potash and poor in organic materials and phosphorous. Of the total arable land , roughly 296.900 hectares, 103.000 hectares are subject to wind erosion damages of different type and different grades. Climate of the region can be defined as semi-arid continental. The summers are dry and have warm day-temperatures, followed by cools nights. The winters are usually cold with an verge of twenty day a year in which the soils are covered with snow. Greatest amount of snow falls in January and February. Average annual precipitation in the project area is about 270 to 280 mm, about 40% falls in winter. During the growing season rainfall normally amounts to only 90 to 120 mm and is not enough for crops, that are not irrigated. It tends to reduce the yield of small grain crops in dry farming system and the harvest is about one or more earlier than that one of the same crops in irrigated areas. The average precipitation from July through September totals only about 10 mm. Heavy rainshowers occur a few times a year. Occasionally more than 20 mm falls in one day, often within a few hours. Snowfall is normally light and snow periods total about from 10 to 16 days a year. Hailstorms, local in nature , are not rare and occur mainly in spring time. Sometimes they may cause damage to certain crops. The annual precipitation of the places near the mountains, which surround the Great Konya basin is generally higher (Nigde = 357 mm, Konya= 315 mm, Karaman= 361 mm) , than in the central part of basin ( Karapınar 275 mm ). Because the Erosion Camp area is at fairly high elevation and because the sky is dominantly clear and the air is dry, the daily range in temperature is great. Its average about 10 °C in winter and about 15 °C in summer . Average temperature is 11 °C. In winter the nights are cold . The average monthly lowest temperature ranges from about - 2 to about - 5 °C in night. İn time the temperature is falls below - 20 °C or lower. The average frost-free period extends from the middle of May to October. In summer the temperature is often between 30 and 35 °C and is occasionally above 35 °C. The dominant winds are commonly from south-western corner, mainly from south, south-west and rise to dust storms that are disagreeable and destructive. Stormy days are common and wind attains speeds of 20 to 25 m/sec or more. Principally because of dry air and warm summer day, the evaporation rate is relatively high. Evaporation from free water surface averages 1189 mm in Konya annually. The average relative humidity between about 40 % in summer to 80 % in winter. METHOD - Strip farming system counter to dominant to wind direction at different width ( 40.m, 50 .m, 60 .m, 70 .m, 80. m, 90. m and 100 .m) was applied on the area of 2.000 hectares, 1.000 hectares cultivated, 1.000 hectares fallowed. - Construction of red-screens (at 1.m height and 8-10m at witdh) on the area of 4.300 hectares to stabilize the sand dunes and to decrease wind speed which causes the sand dunes move is included in the first phase of prevention works. - In the second phase , spaces between the screens were grassed with perennial and drought resistant plant. - Afforestattion , the third phase , included planting locally adapted large and needle -leaved trees. The third -phased practices implemented in the problem area prevented the continuous movement sand dunes. - Seeds of four species plants such as Tapir (Marrubium parviflarum), Geven (Astragalus micracophalus), Yandak (Alhagi camalorum) and Püren (Artemisia sp.) which were survived during the prevention work was sampled, produced and then propagated for meadow amelioration. - Grazing under control was held on the flat land very sensitive to wind erosion. DISCUSSION Wind erosion in the project area occured in three stages: wearing away, conveying and accumulating. İt is largely attributable to natural agencies such as climate, vegetative cover and soil as well as to human factors such as the adoption of improper farming system, crop rotation, inappropriate land use, unsuitable machinery and equipment, over-grazing and using some species of grasses as fuel. 4.000 hectare of area was small dunes which were formed by the accumulation of wind drifted materials. Within the project area, there are some 140 species of flora. Some drought- resistance varieties, such as speedwell, milkvetch, ground ıvy, wheat, grass and thistle are capable to hold sands and materials carried by wind thus causing the formation of small dunes. Researches reveal that excellent grasslands and meadow once flourished here , but they were reduced to almost nothing due to overgrazing , using some grass species as fuel and the destruction meadow. When the erosion problem revealed, only four species plant such as Tapir (Marrubium parviflarum), Geven (Astragalus micracophalus), Yandak (Alhagi camalorum) and Püren (Artemisia sp.) survived. Seeds of this four species plants which were survived during the prevention work was sampled, produced and then propagated on the pasture area. The process of wind erosion considerably effected by the wind and the suitability of the soil property to erosion. İn general when the speed of wind is over 14 km/hour, soil movement is started thereby resulting in wearing away of Karapınar land. The eroded land move either by leaping or dragging or as suspended in the air while they are conveyed by the wind. When they accumulate where they meet an impediment or when the speed of wind is reduced. This situation brought about the shifting dunes (roughly 4.300 ha.) individually or in chains . Some dunes reach 150 m at width , 240 m at length and 41 m at height. They have a gradient of 5 to 17 % on the direction of wind and 20 to 48 % on the other side .They are of crescent shape. Reed-screens were constructed on this area and grass and tree plantation among these red- screens were started. Both dry and irrigated farming practices should be applied on the areas of sand dunes and small sand hills subject to wind erosion like Karapınar. Dry farming practices included rangeland improvement which was implemented in two ways, 1. Bare areas among the small dunes were plamted to cultivated crops for meadow amelioration without damaging the natural vegetation, 2. Mixed grass seeds were sawn by drills on areas where natural vegatation has been removed. İn areas where field crops farming under dry conditions was not possible, vineyards and almond orchards were established. Wind erosion prevention works have great interest both in th e country and the abroad. Native and foreign visitors to Karapınar, especially those who are professionally interested in the works, have highly appreciated the results achieved in the area. İn fact wind erosion control works are being implemented in many countries, but what is really remarkably in our success is to make use of the most economic methods and shortest time to a desert land into a fertile arable land. One of the most important factors was water supply in this project. Since the area was deficient of adequate surface water resources, irrigation water was supplied from ground water resources. Reeds, grass, seeds, nurselings, and machinery and equipment necessary for project implementation were supplied locally. We have extended the limits of our responsibilities to involve the farmer living in the vicinity to the project area; they have learned to apply modern farming technigues, e.g. use of underground water for irrigation, adoption of new kinds of crop, fertilisation etc. Profit obtained has recovered the expenses in a short time and gave way to increase in come. REFERENCES Abalı. İ,1980. Karapınar yöresinde nadas-hububat tarım yönteminde uygulanacak toprak işleme ve ekim aletleri .konya bölge topraksu araştırma enstitüsü yayınları .genel yayın no: 70, rapor no: 56 Konya. Abalı,İ .1981. " Orta anadolu'da rüzgar erozyonunu önleyici ekim nöbetinin toprak kaybına etkisi " Konya bölge müdürlüğü topraksu araştırma enstitüsü yayınları- konya. Abalı,I. 1993. Akhisar civarındaki rüzgar erozyonu etkisi altındaki arazzilerin toprak özellikleri ile erozyon arasındaki ilişkileri ve rüzgar erozyon denklemi faktörlerinin hesaplanması( doktora ). Taysun,A.., Doğan . O, Önmez. O Ve Çanga,M .1986 . Orta anadolu bölgesinde rüzgar erozyonu oluşumu ve alınacak önlemler rehberi. Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Genel Yayın no : 54, rehber no: 9 ankara. Akalan,İ.1965. Rüzgar erozyonu ve korunma çareleri. a:ü.ziraat fakültesi yıllığı- ankara. Bagnold,R.A.1943. The physicssof blown desert dunes.william marrow and co. newyork. Bisal,F. Ve J.Hscih 1966. Influence of moisture on erodibility of soıl by wınd soıl sci.102 Carrekar.J.R.1966. Wınd Erosion In The Southeast.Jour..Soil And Water Conservation.21 ( 3 ): 86-88 Chepil,W.S.1950. I-Properties of soil which influence wind erosıon, II- aggregate structure and indeks of erodibility soıl sci.69-403-414. Chepil,W.S.1953. 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