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Kadir Yılmaz 1 , Mehmet Nuri Bodur 2 1 Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Kahramanmaraş-Turkiye 2 Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Civil Engineering, Kahramanmaraş-Turkiye ABSTRACT The brick-tile industry has an important potential in the Kahramanmaraş Region. The raw material for making brick-tile is mostly supplied from fertile soils of the agricultural areas. The investigation and determination of the physical, chemical, mineralogical and technical properties of the raw material which has already been used by brick-tile industrial factories in research area was aimed to get some results in which about the economical values of that material supplying from the research area. In addition, the other brick-tile industry raw material which is called as Menzelet Clay has no any importance in usage for agricultural purposes and a waste of industrial ash material from any factories have investigated in usage and also compered with the each other. It was resulted that the waste of industrial ash material was not technological and mineralogical usage for the brick-tile industry. It can be stated that Menzelet Clay material is efficiently used by this industrial proposes. It can be stated that its usefulness will be increased by applying some effective processes such as powdering and grinding of that material. Therefore, the scarcity and cost of raw material for making brick-tile will be reduced by the using Menzelet Clay as an industrial raw material in this respect. Finally, it is concluded that brick-tile industrial's raw materials must apparently be supplied from the other resource areas which respectively non-agricultural areas. INTRODUCTION The soils that using for raw materials of brick-tile and porcelain manufacture have to be different properties for brick-tile and porcelain manufacture. The raw materials of brick-tile have not coarse materials such as sand. They were formed with precipitate of stream sediments. This materials were prefer by factory owner. This attitude causes lose of fertile soils of the fertile agricultural areas. After the raw materials of derived non agricultural areas were powdering and grinding, they were used for brick-tile manufacture in Gediz provinces. Although the deriving of raw material was prohibited in the agricultural area, the brick-tile manufacture was not less (Ünver et al., 1987). The soils of brick-tile manufacture have high level clay ratio. Together, silt have to included at the definite ratio and the unified classification system should be CL. The high level clay may be crack of brick-tile while drying and heating. Its shaping is difficult while mud. The sandy soils have little plastic properties. The sandy soils are scattered in the shaping and have rough surface. After it is furnace, resistance and hardness are very little. The plasticity is very important for blend of soils and its shape keeping. The high level plasticity is unsuitable for brick-tile manufacture. The little plastic clays are absorbed water 20 percent of dry weight when the attached of the hand. The high plastic clays are absorbed water 26-27 percent of dry weight when the attached of the hand (Dizdar, 1991). The illite and kaoilnite clays are the most suitable for brick-tile industry. Because montmorillonite have high shrinking and swelling potential, it is unsuitable for brick-tile industry. So, Vertisols should not be use for brick-tile manufacture. Because CaCO3 was transformed to CaCO3 during furnace and letter it was transformed Ca(OH)2 and it caused crack and exploded, The CaCO3 should be lover level of 25 percent. The carbonate should not be granular. The carbonate should be fine fraction and separated in to material. Because the carbonate is approach sintering and melting degree. The high level carbonate in the soil is make difficulties furnace technology. Because the furnace temperature is also increased for increasing solidity and sintering, the colour is turned to yellow with carbonate effect and destroyed shape of brick-tile. The Fe2O3 is generally found at the oxide situation and prefer to be 8-10 percent in the soils. The Fe2O3 is cause increasing of hardness in the end of furnace and decrease of water absorption and cause red colour of brick-tile. The high level organic matter lessen resistance of brick-tile. Organic matter leave black carbon residue on surface brick-tile. Total salinity which absorbed water and lessen resistance of brick-tile. So, total salinity should be at the lower level of 1.5 percent (Dizdar, 1991). MATERIALS and METHODS Description of Study Area : Kahramanmaraş is located in the east Mediterranean of Turkey. It lies between 370 11' and 380 36' North, and between 360 15 and 370 42' East and covers about 1450 km2. The area is generally hilly, and elevation ranges from 450 to 3081 m or higher. The study area has mainly two climatic region. The climate of northern area has mesic temperature and aridic soil moisture regime. Monthly mean temperature ranges from -0.4 oC in December to 23 oC in July, with mean annual value of 10.3 oC. The average annual precipitation is about 386 mm at Elbistan. The southern area has thermic temperature and xeric soil moisture regime. The total annual precipitation is about 710 mm, most of which occurs in winter, between December and April. The mean annual temperature is 16.5 oC, and monthly mean temperature ranges from 4.5 oC in January to 28 oC in August (Tigem, 1991; Kaya, 1996). Geology of Sampled Area : The surrounded area is mostly covered by the metamorphic, sedimentary rocks and also some basaltic rocks which are locally outcropped in this region (MTA, 1975). The alluvial materials were deposited and also outcropped in the southern part of Kahramanmaraş, Afşin and Elbistan. The carbonate rocks which were deposited as a limestone during the different time in the mountainous areas. The ophiolitic units were also outcropped in the eastern part of Göksun and Pazarcık villages. Paleozoic: Most of the metamorphic rocks belongs to this period were widespread in the around of Afşin village and also in the southern part of Elbistan village. Permo-Carboniferous rocks also outcropped in the around of Göksun, Afşin and Elbistan villages. These rocks were underlined by the Silurian-Devonian rocks and also old metamorphic rocks (MTA, 1975). The metamorphic rock units are generally represented by the gabro, peridotite, serpentine, calcschist, marble, crystallized limestone, phyllite and also pelitic schist in the Kahramanmaraş Province (DSİ, 1973; Perinçek ve Kozlu, 1984; Türkünal, 1996). Mesozoic: The oldest formations were generally overlained by Eocene limestone. The limestone in upper- Cretaceous age mostly outcropped in the area which is located in between Afşin and Pazarcık-Gölbaşı. Many basaltic flow occurrences aged in the post-Miocene are encountered in the Kahramanmaraş region. Semi-crystalline basal rocks, crystalline schist, green-colored schist, gneiss and amphibolite are also encountered in this area (MTA, 1975). The conglomerate, sandstone and shale containing various blocks of different lithology and age, unconformably lies over the metamorphic rocks. The widespread occurrences of pillow lavas, radiolarian cherts, pelagic fosiliferous limestone and also tubidites are encountered in the Kahramanmaraş region (Perinçek ve Kozlu, 1984). Cenozoic: The Miocene depression areas in around Kahramanmaraş were filled with very thick and coarse erosional conglomerates during the plio-Quaternary period (MTA, 1975) . Some plio-Quaternary outcrops are preserved as parts of the older alluvial areas. These outcrops are represented by fluviatile deposits such as alluvium terrace and channel deposits. The important Quaternary deposits are those of the slope scree around the Berit Mountain, the wide alluvial fan in the north of Derbent village and the alluvial plains of the meandering rivers of Göksun and Ceyhan (Perinçek ve Kozlu 1984) The some sedimentary and metamorphic rock units are represented by, marl, shale, limestone, conglomerate and sandstone which is locally calcarenitic and fossiliferous, in this time period. The flysch with blocks is also represented by conglomerate greenish-gray shale, sandstone and sandy and fine bedded limestone (Perinçek ve Kozlu, 1984). The andesitic outcrops are found in the north of the Nurhak mountains as intruded into the Andırın limestone and the ophiolitic rock units. Especially basaltic rocks which were formed in the upper Eocene to Neogene are widespread in the Narlı and Kahramanmaraş Central Plains (DSİ, 1973). Physical and Chemical Analyses : The soil samples were air dried and sieved to remove coarse fragments (>2 mm). PH measurements were made in saturated soil after 4-h equilibration period. Electrical conductivity values were obtained from saturated samples (Richards, 1954). The total carbonate contents were measured by using scheibler calcimeter (Çaglar, 1949). Organic matter contents were determined by wet oxidation with dichromate (Walkley, 1946). Particle-size distributions in the <2 mm fraction were determined by the hydrometer method (Bouyoucus, 1951). Fe2O3 were extracted from whole soil samples by the citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite method. The concentrations of extracted Fe2O3 were determined by Perkin Elmer 3110 atomic absorption spectroscopy (Jackson, 1969). Technological Analyses : The soil samples were sieved to remove coarse fragments (>0.430 mm) for determining of the Atterberg limits. The determinations of Liquid-limits (LL) were based on Sowers criteria (1965). This is the water content, causing it to transform into a viscous that will flow when jarred. It is measured on thoroughly puddle soil material and is expressed on a dry weight basis (110 oC). Plastic Limit (PL) was determined according to Sowers criteria (1965). The plasticity index (PI) is the difference between the plastic limit (PL) and liquid limit (LL) and indicates the water-content range over which the soil has plastic properties. Shrinkage limit (SL) was determined according to Karol criteria (1955). The shrinkage index (SI) is the difference between the plastic limit (PL) and shrinkage limit (SL). Mineralogical Analyses : The soil samples for mineralogical analysis were pre-treated with 1 N NaOAC, adjusted to pH 5, to remove carbonates, and with 30 % H2O2 to remove organic matter, and with sodium dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate to remove Fe-Si-Al-oxides. The samples were then adjusted to make pH 9.5 with 1 M Na2CO3 to effect particle dispersion. Sand was separated by wet sieving; clay and silt fractions were separated by Stokes methods. Diffractograms were obtained from Mg-saturated samples, and also from K-saturated samples. X-ray diffraction analyses of the clay fraction (<2 mm) were scanned from 3 to 13 2q on oriented samples on glass slides with nickel-filtered Cu Ka radiation using a Philips X-ray diffractometer (Jackson, 1969). The diffraction intensity of clay minerals were determined with calculating of peak area. The multiplication factors were obtained by Yılmaz (1990) on Harran Plain and Yılmaz, Sayın (1998) on Çukurova Plain were used to quantitative clay analyses. According to both investigations, the multiplication factors of smectite-palygorskite, smectite-illite and smectite-kaolinite were 3.37, 2.25 and 3.29, respectively. After organic matter and carbonate were removed In order to determined clay minerals distributions in the soil composition, sand was separated by wet sieving and silt and clay fractions were separated by Stokes methods. The particle size distribution was determined on a dry weight basis (105 0C) (Jackson, 1969). The clay rates in the clay fraction applied to soil composition. RESULTS and DISCUSSION The soils have slightly alkaline reaction, pH 7.96-8.43. Total salinity was found between 0.01 and 0.39 percent. CaCO3 rate was found between 2.74 and 27.36 percent. The organic matter contents were found between 1.33 and 3.11 percent in to the soils. Fe203 were found between 1.03 and 2.58 % (Table 1). According to Dizdar (1991), total salinity should be at the lower level of 1.5 percent and CaCO3 should be at the lower level of 25 percent for brick-tile industry. The salinity contents of investigated samples were suitable for brick-tile industry. The carbonate contents of samples were suitable. But the numbered 6 of the sample is an exception. The carbonate content of the numbered 6 of the sample was found at the 27.36 percent. The high carbonate ratio was unsuitable for brick-tile industry. The organic matter with high levels were unsuitable for brick-tile industry. Except sample 9, the organic matter contents of the samples were found at the lower level of 3 percent. The organic matter contents of the investigated samples were suitable for brick-tile industry. The Fe2O3 of the samples which were wished to be high levels was found about 2.5 percent (Table 1). In the investigated technological properties of the samples, liquid-limit, plastic limit, plastic index, shrinkage limit and shrinkage index were found between 25.06 and 61.16 percent, between 18.48 and 39.54 percent, between 6.58 and 17.97 percent, between 13.50 and 22.62 percent, between 1.37 and 20.01 percent, respectively (Table 2). The unified classification system of the four samples were found CL and the three samples were found ML and the one sample was found MH and the one sample was found NP. The only samples 6 and 9 have technological problems in the investigated samples (Table 2). The sample that taken from Gavur Gölü has expansive-shrinkage clays was unsuitable for brick-tile industry. The sample 9 was fossil ash and derived from various factories in the location and it has not plastic property and is unsuitable for brick-tile industry. The technological properties of the samples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 were found suitable for brick-tile industry.  In the clay minerals of clay fraction, smectite was found between 2.04 (sample 7) and 19.19 percent (sample 6). Similarly, paligorskite between 19.64 (sample 8) and 39.33 percent (sample 7), illit between 10.99 (sample 6) and 27.83 percent (sample 4), kaolinite between 16.12 (sample 1) and 22.89 percent (sample 6), vermiculate between 5.24 and (sample 3) and 29.72 percent (sample 8) (Figure 1), (Table 3). Smectite of the clay minerals in the soil composition was found between 0.32 (sample 7) and 7.06 percent (sample 6). Similarly, paligorskite between 2.51 (sample 8) and 10.83 percent (sample 6), illit between 1.71 (sample 8) and 9.22 percent (sample 3), kaolinite between 2.69 (sample 7) and 8.44 percent (sample 6), vermiculate between 1.77 and (sample 3) and 6.48 percent (sample 6) (Table 4). In the sample 6 the smectite ratio was the highest and also that the sample 6 was CH according to unified system of classification so, it supports the previous investigation (Ünver et al., 1987).  The sand, silt and clay which its organic matter and also CaCO3 were removed was found between 8.99 and 50.44 percent, between 23.66 and 37.82 percent, between 4.59 and 36.87 percent (Table 4). Although the samples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 have suitable particle-size distributions, but also the samples 7, 8 and 9 have unsuitable particle-size distributions for brick-tile industry. The samples not removed CaCO3 (Table 1) and removed CaCO3 (Table 4) were compared in order to determinate particle-size distributions of CaCO3. According to investigation results, The CaCO3 of the sample 3 was found as equal in the clay, silt and sand fraction. The CaCO3 of sample 6 was found in the silt fraction. The CaCO3 of sample 8 was found in the sand fraction. Being fine fraction of CaCO3 was important for brick-tile quality (Dizdar, 1991). The CaCO3 fractions of the samples 3 and 6 were more suitable than sample 8. Because CaCO3 contents of other samples were few, the particle-size distributions of CaCO3 were not determined.  There were positive significant correlation between smectite and plastic limit (r: 0.960+++), between smectite and plastic index (r: 0.906++), between smectite and shrinkage limit (r: 0.849++), between clay and liquid limit (r: 0.849++), between clay and plastic limit (r: 0.864++), between liquid limit and plastic limit (r: 0.975+++), between liquid limit and plastic index (r: 0.935+++). There were negative significant correlation between sand and liquid limit (r: -0.927+++), between sand and plastic limit (r: -0.895++), between sand and plastic index ((r: -0.880++). The similar results had been also found by Mitchell (1976), Sayın (1981) and Dizdar (1991). The sample 8 (Menzelet) which has large reserve and located non-agricultural area is important potential for brick-tile industry and to protect agricultural areas. Menzelet sample is the decomposed clay materials which was widespreading in the investigation area. Menzelet sample was found in the CL groups and has suitable pH, total salinity, carbonate organic matter levels for brick-tile industry. The unsuitable characteristic of Menzelet sample has not suitable particle-size distributions and has high sand fraction level.  Menzelet sample which is has widespreading on non-agricultural area and suitable technological and mineralogical properties to brick-tile industry is important to protect agricultural area. Except texture, physical, the chemical and mineralogical properties of Menzelet sample were suitable for brick-tile industry. It may be mixed with other soils which have high clay contents. The brick-tile price has been increasing because of the brick-tile factories purchase agricultural areas for brick-tile manufacture. Menzelet sample that is widespreading on non-agricultural area will decrease the cost of brick-tile. It was resulted that the waste of industrial ash material was not suitable for technological and mineralogical properties for the brick-tile industry. It can be stated that Menzelet Clay material is efficiently used by this industrial proposes. On the other hand it can be stated that its usefulness will be increased by applying some effective processes such as powdering and grinding of that material. Therefore, the scarcity and cost of raw material for making brick-tile will be reduced by the using Menzelet Clay as an industrial raw material in this respect. Finally, it is concluded that brick-tile industrial's raw materials must apparently be supplied from the other areas which not agricultural areas productively.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wishes to thank Prof. Dr. Selim KAPUR and Research Ass. Erhan AKÇA REFERENCES Black C. A., (1965). Methods of soil analysis. Agronomy. no: 9. part: 1 and 2. Ame. Soc. of Agr. Madison. Wisc. 1572 p. Bouyoucos G. J., (1951). A Recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agron. Jour. 43. 434-438. Çağlar K. Ö., (1949). Toprak bilgisi. A. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi. Yayın no:10. 230 s. Ankara. Dizdar M. Y., (1991). Uygulama için toprak bilgisi. Tarım Orman ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Köy Hiz. Gen. Müd. yayınları. Ankara. DSİ., (1973). Kahramanmaraş ovaları hidrojeolojik etüt raporu. Yer Altı Suları Dairesi Başkanlığı Ankara. Jackson M. L., (1969). Soil chemical analysis. advanced course. 2. nd ed. published by the Author. Univ. of Wisconsin. 8955 Madison. USA. Karol R. H., (1955). Engineering properties of soils. Prentice-Hall İnc. New York. USA. Kaya F., (1996). Kahramanmaraş İlinin iklim özellikleri (Yüksek lisans tezi). K.S.Ü. 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