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Mehmet Aydın 1, Okan Şener 1, Tamer Sermenli 1, Aydın Ozkan 2, Suphi Aslan 1 Necat Ağca 1, Kemal Doğan 1, Murat Tiryakioğlu 1, Kazım Mavi 1, Şeref Kılıç 1 1 Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Antakya-TURKEY 2 Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Antakya-TURKEY ABSTRACT In order to determine a suitable mixture for main composting treatment, some amount of garbage material was separated physically to mix up with different materials such as dry bay leaves, barnyard manure, dry leaves of trees, cotton stems, forest residues in different ratios. About 20 kg air-dry materials were put in the bins and left to be decomposed. According to the results of pre-treatments, the most suitable mixture was determined as "75% separated garbage + 15% dry bay leaves + 10% barnyard manure." Therefore, 7.5 tons organic garbage (separated from municipal solid wastes of Antakya) were well mixed with 1.5 tons bay leaves and 1 ton barnyard manure. The composting process was continued for 4 months (mid.May-mid.September). The samples taken at the end of the composting treatment were analyzed in the laboratories in Turkey and Germany. As a result of the analysis, the quality of the compost was found in an applicable form. The field experiments were carried out by planting tomato and wheat crops in Amik Plain, Turkey. In these experiments, applications of traditional commercial fertilizer, 20, 40, 60, 80 ton/ha compost and 80 ton/ha barnyard manure and control were compared. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications. According to the results of a two-year field experiment of wheat, compared to the control, the increases of the grain yield by the application of commercial fertilizer, different doses of compost and barnyard manure were determined as 21%, 18-29% and 32%, respectively. In the case of tomato experiment, compared to the control, the increases of the yield by the application of commercial fertilizer, different doses of the compost and barnyard manure were determined as 61%, 39-107% and 54%, respectively. Moreover, positive effects of the compost on some properties of the soil were monitored. INTRODUCTION Many countries have been investigating for the different solutions in order to eliminate the negative effects of the residential garbages on the environment. It has been pointed out by most of the researchers that making the compost from the garbages is the best solution. However, there are a few aspects of this process that can potentially create problems. Fertilization via organic wastes may result in an accumulation of heavy metals in the soils. Therefore, metal analysis is becoming a fairly standard procedure for many wastes materials, particularly those which are destinated to be used in agricultural or horticultural settings (Porter, 1989; Golueke and Diaz, 1990; Kowald et al., 1990; Richard and Chadsey, 1990; Spencer, 1990; Yalçuk, 1984; Kovancı et al., 1984; Goto et al., 1997; Gajdos, 1997; Guerrero et al., 1999). In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of the compost from the Antakya house-originated solid wastes, on the soil properties and the crop yield by the application in the agricultural areas. MATERIALS and METHODS Approximately 30 tons of domestic garbage were collected from the central Antakya and its suburbs (Kanatlı, Sumerler, Eski Antakya) in order to prepare compost. Before starting main composting treatments, some amount of garbage material was separated physically to mix up with different materials such as dry bay leaves, barnyard manure (animal manure), dry leaves of trees, cotton stems, forest residues in different ratios. About 20 kg air-dry materials were put in the bins and left to be decomposed. The moisture contents of the mixtures were provided between 40-50% on the gravimetric basis during the period of treatment. The material in the each bin was mixed twice in the first week and once in the following weeks. During the experimental period, depending on seasonal changes, the temperatures of the composting materials varied between 35-70 0C. The decomposition processes were completed in a period of 8 weeks to 15 months. According to the results of pre-treatments, the most suitable mixture was determined as "75% separated garbage + 15% dry bay leaves + 10% barnyard manure." Therefore, 7.5 tons organic garbage (separated from municipal solid wastes of Antakya) were well mixed with 1.5 ton bay leaves and 1 ton barnyard manure resulting in a heap of 1.5 meter height in the corner of a field. During the period of decomposition, the moisture content of the mixture was kept between 30-40%. The compost heap was mixed twice a month. Temperature values, ranged between 50-55 0C at the beginning, sometimes reached up to 70-75 0C in 50 cm heap depth, approximately. The composting process was continued for 4 months (mid.May-mid.September). The samples taken at the end of the composting process were analyzed in the laboratories in Turkey and Germany. Later on, field experiments were carried out by planting tomato and wheat crops in Amik Plain, Turkey. In these experiments, applications of traditional commercial fertilizer (160kg N/ha and 80 kg P2O5/ha for wheat; 105 kg N/ha and 80 kg P2O5/ha for tomato), 20, 40, 60, 80 ton/ha compost and 80 ton/ha barnyard manure and control were compared. The experimental design was randomised blocks with three replications. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from two different depths (0-10 and 10-20 cm) in the research plots and analyzed to investigate the effects of composted materials on some physical and chemical properties of the soils. RESULTS and DISCUSSION The finished compost produced was analyzed for both its fertilizer value as well as any potential contamination that might limit the product's use. As a result of analysis, the quality of the compost was found in an applicable form (Table 1).  According to the results of a two-year field experiment of wheat, compared to the control, the increases of the grain yield by the application of commercial (chemical) fertilizer, different doses of compost and barnyard (animal) manure were determined as 21%, 18-29% and 32%, respectively. In the case of tomato experiment, compared to the control, the increases of the yield by the application of commercial fertilizer, different doses of the compost and barnyard manure were determined as 61%, 39-107% and 54%, respectively (Table 2).  Due to the increased compost rate, the bulk density values tended to decrease gradually in the upper layers of the soil. Similarly, those values were found lower in the animal manure treatments according to the control. The total porosity values, especially for 0-10 cm layer, increased due to organic matter application. The highest rate of compost and animal manure application resulted in 2-3 % net increase in total porosity. In comparison with the control, the compost treatments and animal manure increased the available water content noticeably due to the increased field capacity. The compost application increased the amount of available water by 2.3 % in some plots (Table 3 and 4).  The decreases in pH values matched well with the higher compost rate applications. It was also observed that the compost and animal manure increased the total soluble salt content slightly. In the plots to where garbage compost and animal manure were applied, organic matter content was found to be considerable high. This increase was notable in the upper layer of 0-10 cm with the increasing level from 1.13 % to 1.98 % in the wheat plots, and from 1.09 % to 1.76 % in the tomato plots (Table 3 and 4). Similar results were reported by other researchers (Guerreo et al., 1999; Kowald et al., 1990; Yalcuk, 1984).  REFERENCES Gajdos, R. (1997). Product- oriented composting: from open to closed bioconversion systems. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae. Agraria, No:68, Alnarp, SWEDEN, 62 p. Golueke, C.G., Diaz, L.F. (1990). Understanding the basics of composting. BioCycle, April 1990: 56-59. Goto, S., Chino, M., Yamagishi, J., Kumazawa, K. (1997). Heavy metal accumulation in soil associated with long-term application of sewage sludge compost. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 68(2): 156-162. Guerrero, C., Solera, J.M., Gomez, I., Moral, R., Navarro-Pedrano, J., Beneyto, J.M. (1999). Effects of municipal solid wastes compost application in the evolution of micronutrients in a soil affected by forest fire (poster). Soil with Mediterranean Type of Climate, 6th International Meeting, BARCELONA, 4-9 July 1999. Kovancı, İ., Hakerlerler, H., Oktay, M. (1984). İzmir Halkapınar çöp fabrikasında üretilen ham çöp kompostlarının olgunlaştırma yöntemleri ve bunların içerdiği besin maddeleri kapsamlarının aylık ve mevsimsel değişimleri üzerinde araştırmalar. TÜBİTAK-TOAG, Proje No: TOAG-451 (Kesin Rapor), 75 s. Kowald, R., Yardımcı, N., Şahin, H. (1990). Erzurum'da çöp kompostu üretimi ve kullanımı üzerine bir araştırma. Giessen Justus-Liebig Üniversitesi, Landeskultur Enstitüsü. Porter, J. W. (1989). Waste management: A look to the future. Journal WPCF, 61 (5): 600-604. Richard, T., Chadsey, M. (1990). Environmental impact on yard waste composting. BioCycle, April 1990: 42-46. Spencer, R. (1990). Food waste composting in Canada. BioCycle, June 1990: 30-32. Yalçuk, H. (1984). İzmir ili çöplerinin işlenmesi ile elde edilen gübrenin toprakların bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri üzerine etkisi (Doktora). Menemen Bölge Topraksu Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Yayınları. Genel Yayın No: 104, Rapor Serisi No: 67, 81 s. |