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Cihat Kütük, Gökhan Çaycı Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara ABSTRACT Influence of beer factory sludge (BFS) on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum cultivar Kızıltan 91) and some physical and chemical properties of wheat planted soil have been investigated in the field experiment. For this purpose, BFS were applied at the different rates (0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 ton ha-1) into the 20 cm of soil depth two months earlier before seeding. In addition, all plots were fertilised at the recommended rates for wheat with chemical fertilisers. Total yield, grain yield, grain mineral content and some botanical characteristics of wheat were determined after harvesting. Besides, pH, EC, organic matter, lime and aggregate stability were evaluated in the soil samples. At the end of the experiment, considerable changes were found in the grain yield, crude protein, thousand kernel weight, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of wheat in respect to control treatment. The highest grain yield was obtained from 10 ton ha-1 treatment. But, values of crude protein were found higher at 40 ton ha-1 and 80 ton ha-1 treatments. Effect of BFS on spike length was found significant (P<0.01). Spike lengths have shown variation between 5.82 cm and 7.07 cm. The highest plant height was determined in 10 ton ha-1 treatment. N and P contents of grain increased continuously with increase in the levels of BFS. On the other hand, significant changes were determined in soil properties. As the rate of BFS increase in the soil, value of EC and organic matter content, and water stable aggregates increased generally. Nevertheless, value of pH and lime content decreased with related to increased BFS rates in the soil. INTRODUCTION Recently, waste materials depending on increased industry and urbanisation result in problems for environment due to difficulties in their store. Combustion of these materials may be an alternative way to decrease energy cost reached high prices. But, it needs a storage area, even if this way is selected. On the other hand, applying waste materials to field is another alternative way and this way is easier, cheaper and more beneficial. Therefore, studies concerned with applying waste materials derived from plant, animal and also, industrial activity have increased and various research have been conducted about this matter in our country and other countries since the beginning of 1960's. In these researches, it was determined that various organic wastes caused positive effects on soil and plant (Tripepi et al., 1996; Kacar et al., 1996; Saviozzi et al., 1994; Palaniswami and Ramulu, 1994; Brohi, 1991). In addition, it is pointed out that if waste materials use in this way, substantial benefits can be obtained for environmental protection. Different materials are used to improve the soil properties dealing with their characteristics. Sewage sludge is commonly used as waste material world wide. Since sewage sludge has a high organic matter content and produced large amounts, it is preferred. But, pathogenic organisms and heavy metal contents limit their usage (Benckiser and Simarmata, 1994). Regarding sludge applications, some authors warn about their high contents in organic and phenols as well as in salts and of their high pH value (Logan et al., 1995) and of their effect on nitrogen immobilisation in soil and on plant growth (Riffaldi et al., 1993). Interesting and important results have been obtained in various researches performed with waste materials. As reported by Brohi (1989), tobacco wastes positively affected on the yields of wheat, corn, rice and potato. In the other study, it was determined that tobacco wastes increased the dry weight of clover plant (Sungur, 1978). Özgüven and Kaya (1984) explained that tobacco wastes increased the dry weight of sunflower and corn plant, but applications of high levels influenced negatively. Kacar et al. (1996) found that dry weights obtained from grass, barley and corn were higher in enriched tea waste treatment with respect to control and farmyard manure treatments. In the study performed by Cervata and Silva (1986), it has been determined that leather factory waste has increased crop yields of corn and wheat plant. On the other hand, Özgüven et al. (1999) found that tobacco wastes were augmented protein content of corn plant grown as first and second crop. Some researchers studying with organic wastes (Arcak et al., 1997, Palaniswami and Ramulu, 1994; Saviozzi, 1994; Sacigaric et al., 1986) reported that different wastes affected positively on biological properties of the soils. Organic matter content of wastes used in agriculture need to be high levels. It is well known that addition of organic material is the most convenient method for improvement of soil physical and chemical properties. Organic matter increase aggregate stability and improve water-air balance in soil. Moreover, it increase resistance against erosion and also, enrich plant nutrients in soil. Beer factory sludge have been occurred by Efes Pilsener Beer Factory in Ankara-Kazan. Factory have 1.5 million hectolitre year-1 capacity and produce 5 tonnes sludge per day depending on marketing conditions (Baran et al., 1998). This product has already been dumped into landfill, therefore, various environmental and managing problems could appear in time. Wheat is the most important crop in our country. More than half of cereals are planted in Central Anatolia plateau and transitional zones (Aydın et al., 1998). However, precipitation is insufficient and soil organic matter content is low in the wheat growing areas. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of beer factory sludge on growth, yield, botanical characteristics of wheat plant and some soil properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was carried out in experiment field of Soil Science Department. Wheat (Triticum aestivum, cultivar Kızıltan 91) was used as trial crop. Field trial was established in the randomized block design in five treatments with three replications. All plots had the dimensions of 2 m x 4 m = 8 m² and total experimental area was 216 m². Beer factory sludge (BFS) at the different rates (0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 ton ha-1) were applied into the soil at 20 cm depth two months earlier before seeding and mixed by using hoe. Wheat was sowed (as 250 kg seeds ha-1) after incorporation of BFS to the soil. The fertilizers used as 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 (at sowing) and 70 kg N ha-1 (half of it at sowing, the other at tillering). Before harvesting, heights of twenty plants chosen at random were recorded. Also, spike lengths were measured and numbers of grains in the spike were determined in the same plants (Özbek and Özgümüş, 1998). Plants were harvested in the middle rows using by sickle in 15.7.1999. After harvesting, total weights (spike + straw), grain yields (Kaya and Tepe, 1999), thousand kernel weights (Taban et al., 1998) and numbers of grain in spike (Kenbaey and Sade, 1998) were recorded for each plot. Total N, P, and K contents of grain were determined according to Kacar (1972). Protein content of grain was calculated as reported by Gezgin (1998). Texture was obtained by hydrometer method (Bouyoucos, 1951). pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were determined in 1:2 soil (or waste) - water extract (Gabriels and Verdonck, 1992). Organic matter was obtained as described by Jackson (1962) and calcium carbonate was determined by calcimeter (Çağlar, 1958). Total N, available P and exchangeable K were obtained as explained by Kacar (1994). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil and BFS was determined according to U.S. Salinity Lab. Staff (1954). Water stable aggregate (WSA) was obtained by the wet-sieving technique (Kemper, 1965). Statistical analysis of results were done by MINITAB and MSTAT computer package programs and evaluated according to Düzgüneş et al. (1983). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Various properties of soil and BFS used in the research are given in Table 1. As it is seen from this table that soil of the experimental field was clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline and low in organic matter. Total N content of soil is low, but P and K contents are high. On the other hand, pH value of BFS is low (acid) and organic matter content of this material is high. Total N content of BFS is high and, P and K contents are in middle levels. Total yield, grain yield and also, some botanical properties such as thousand kernel weight, spike length and plant height are affected by applications of BFS (Table 2). The highest total yield was obtained in 10 ton ha-1 treatment. As it is seen from Table 2 that BFS applications in different levels to the soil greatly affected on grain yield and differences among treatments were found significant (P<0.01). The highest grain yield was found in 10 ton ha-1, while the lowest grain yield was obtained in 80 ton ha-1 treatments. This situation shows that positive effects of BFS on soil and plant occure to the certain levels. Similar results have been reported by various researchers (Özgüven et al., 1999; Çağatay, 1998; Brohi, 1991; Kacar et al., 1980). It is thought that the reason of decrement in total yield and grain yield resulting above 10 ton ha-1 can be related to high amounts of inorganic nitrogen forms occurred with mineralisation. This idea has been confirmed with the laying of wheat in plots receiving BFS more than 20 ton ha-1 and low grain yield in these plots. Also, maturation of spikes was negatively affected as nitrogen level was high in the soil. Baran et al. (1998) determined that high levels of NH4-N and NO3-N were released from the soil after BFS applications. Researchers studying with BFS and evaluating its effect on growth of sugar beet plant reported that high levels NO3-N were released after BFS applications at high doses (Kütük et al., 2000). As explained that by Gök et al. (1998), tobacco wastes significantly increased NO3-N content of soil. Thousand kernel weights of wheat were significantly found in difference at 10 ton ha-1 treatment with respect to control. Effect of BFS on spike length was found significant (P<0.01), but its effect on number of grain in spike was not significant. Spike lengths of wheat plant was found in difference in all applications of BFS with respect to control (Table 2). Spike length have shown variation between 5.82 cm (control) and 7.07 cm (10 ton ha-1). Özgüven et al. (1999) determined that tobacco wastes increased spike length of wheat plant grown as first crop and the best result was obtained from 22.5 ton ha-1 treatment. Effect of BFS on plant height was found significant and the highest height was determined in 10 ton ha-1. Similar results also have been reported by Özgüven et al. (1999).  N, P, K and protein contents of wheat grain have been given in Table 3. As it is seen from this table, effect of BFS applications on N, P, and protein content of grain was found significant (P<0.01), but its effect on K content was not significant. N content of grain was increased continuously with increase in the levels of BFS. The lowest N content was determined in control (% 2.03) treatment. In contrast to other parameters, the highest N content was obtained in 80 ton ha-1 (% 3.66) treatment. On the other hand, P content of grain increased with increase in the levels of BFS and reached the highest value in the applications of 40 and 80 tonnes ha-1 (Tablo 3). It is thought that the reason of this fact can be related with chemical properties of BFS (Table 1) and availability of plant nutrients. Some nutrients and various compounds occurred by mineralisation may affect the nutrient contents of grain. Kütük et al. (2000) determined that N and P contents of sugar beet were increased by the application of BFS. As explained by Tisdale and Nelson (1975), soil organic matter increase the availability of phosphorus. Differences between grain potassium contents were not found significant. This situation may resulted from accumulation of potassium occurs in straw at maturity. As reported by Kacar and Katkat (1999), potassium was accumulated significant rates in straw towards maturation period.  Protein content of grain is affected by the applications of BFS and protein content increases with increase in the levels of BFS (Table 3). The lowest protein content was obtained in control (% 11.57) treatment, while the highest protein content was found in 80 ton ha-1 (% 20.86) treatment. This fact may be related with the increment of nitrogen in the grain. Arnold and Dilz (1970) indicates that a close correlation is obtained between nitrogen content and protein content and protein content increases depending on the increment of nitrogen in plant, also. Kütük et al. (2000) determined that protein content of sugar beet was increased with increase in the levels of BFS. Similar results has been explained by Özgüven et al. (1999).  Some significant differences were determined in the experimental soil in relation to BFS application levels (Table 4). With application of increasing levels, pH and CaCO3 values decreased. In addition, pH and CaCO3 values determined at 40 and 80 ton ha-1 applications were found lower than the initial values. In contrast, values of EC, organic matter and aggregate stability were determined higher than the beginning values and increased with increase in the levels of BFS. This fact indicated that BFS affected on some soil properties. In a study performed by Kütük et al. (2000), similar results were obtained. Researchers reported that the pH value is decreased by the increasing levels of BFS, while EC and organic matter values are increased. Since aggregate stability was higher in soil applied BFS with respect to control at the end of the experiment, it is inferred that BFS significantly affected the aggregation of soil particles. This situation shows that BFS application have a great function for protection of the soil against erosion.  REFERENCES Arcak S., Kütük A.C., Haktanır K. and Çaycı G. (1997). 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