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OF TOMATOES IN DIFFERENT SIZED PERLIT CULTURE Tuncay Demirer 1, Sabri Şener 2, Şükrü Kaleli 2 1 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, Soil Science Department 2 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Structures and Irrigation Department ABSTRACT This research has been carried out to determine the effects of drip and surface irrigation methods on the yield and quality of tomato crop in four different sized (£1 mm, 1.1-2.0 mm, 2.1-3.0 mm and 3.1-5.0 mm) perlite culture. Experiment has been set up as split plots in randomized block design with four replications. Fertilizer application started when seedlings were transplanted (at 4 to 6 leaves stage) in 7 liter polyethylene bags which were filled with perlite, 135 mg N/L, 58 mg P/L and 112 mg K/L fertilizer applied at constant rate every other day and 1 liter irrigation water applied daily by drip irrigation with laterals which had 50 cm emitters spacing and 1 liter volumetric measuring cans were used for surface irrigation application. Number of fresh tomato fruit, fruit yield, average fruit weight, number of days from planting to harvest, bio-mass yield, average fruit diameter, average fruit volume, pH of the paste and soluble dry matter were evaluated and compared with LSD tests. Research results showed that the effects of perlite size was effective on average fruit weight, fruit yield and soluble dry matter was significant at 0.01 level and on number of days from planting to harvest was significant at 0.05 level statistically. When irrigation systems were compared, better results were obtained by drip irrigation method at medium perlite size (2.1-3.0 mm). INTRODUCTION Tomato production for fresh consumption and paste industry is 7 250 000 000 tons in Turkey. This amount is about 38 percent of the total vegetables produced in the country, Anon. (1995). But the quality of the tomato fruit needed to be improved for export and domestic use. The sufficient fertilizer application and convenient irrigation techniques are very important factors effecting the quality of the tomato crop. Irrigation water is an important factor for transportation of the plant nutrients to the root zone and drip Irrigation offers several potential advantages over other irrigation systems; from this point of view, primary one being the precise application of water from emitter system. Fertigation is another advantage of this system, Miller et all (1976); Clough et all (1990); Abdal and Coffey (1991). The amount of water needed for irrigation depends not only on climatic conditions and the type of the soils to be irrigated, but also on the crops to be grown. Drip Irrigation is also very effective on water use in soils having low water holding capacity, Bar-Yosef et all (1982); Scmidt et all (1988). On the other hand soilless plant growing techniques have been investigated recently as an alternative to meet the growing food demands of the population. The perlite cultures have been most commonly used in these investigations, Altıntaş and Varış (1993). Since it is a steril and well drained material; perlite have been used for germination, growing seedlings and media for rooting, Altıntaş and Varış (1993); Hepeksay and Kara (1992). Also a high capillary force of perlite provides water extraction from the reservoir at the same rate of the plant water use, Wilson et all (1984). For this reason four different sized perlite culture with two irrigation methods (drip and surface irrigation methods) have been investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS This research was carried out at Uvecik Experimental Farm of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, about 45 km south-west of Çanakkale. Typical Mediterranean climate mild and rain in winter dry and hot in summer prevails in the region. Average annual rainfall is 615,5 mm. Average annual temperature is 14,8°C coldest month is January (3,0°C) and hottest month is July (30,8°C) average relative humidity is 72 percent. Four perlite size and two irrigation methods (drip and surface irrigation) have been tested. Experiment was set up as randomized blocks in split plots design with four replications, main plots were irrigation methods and sub plots were perlite culture size. Urbana dumpy tomato cultivator was used as test crop. Four different sized very fine (£1 mm), fine (1-2 mm), medium (2-3 mm) and coarse (3-5 mm) perlite culture provided from Etibank perlite establishment were used as growing culture. 7 liters perlite cultures were filled into black polyethylene bags with little pressure leaving 1 cm empty at the top. These bags were settled with 100X50 cm spacing, each bag had four drain holes three cm above the bottom, Varış (1991). Seedlings grown in the perlite culture, transplanted as one plant into each bag when they reached 4 to 6 real leaves stage. Drip irrigation laterals with emitters 0,05 liter per minute (1 liter in 20 minutes) discharge capacity at 50 cm spacing were used for irrigation practices. Surface irrigation was applied by means of volumetric cans. Since the water holding capacity of perlite is low, irrigation water 1 liter per bag was applied daily in the afternoon for both irrigation methods. Fertilizer application and irrigation practices were started with transplanting. KH2PO4 for phosphorus and potassium and KNO3 (13 percent N and 37 percent K) for potassium and Nitrogen and NH4NO3 (33 percent) for Nitrogen were used in fertilizer solutions 135 mg N/L, 58 mgP/L and 112 mgK/L were applied at each bag at every other day. After flowering and at fruit set stages 220 mgK/L was applied. Ca fertilizer application against blossom end rot and four times trimiltox (mancozeb %20+tetra cupper %21) was applied with six days intervals, against early leave burning. Fruit weight (g per fruit) total yield (g per plants) number of fruits per plant, total plant weight (root+vegatative parts), average fruit volume (cm3 Per fruit), fruit diameter, pH in fruit juice, dry matter (water soluble), growing days from planting to harvest were determined. Research results were evaluated statistically and compared by LSD tests, Yurtsever (1984). DISCUSSION Research results are summarized in Table 1. Research results showed that; pH, fruit volume, fruit diameter and bio-mass yield (vegatative parts+roots) were not affected from treatments; dry matter content was higher at surface irrigation and vegatative period was getting shorter when the perlite size was larger.  Irrigation method and perlite size interactions were important statistically at 0,01 level for number of fruits, single fruit weight and fruit yield. For these parameters drip irrigation and medium perlite size (2,1-3,0 mm) combination were in the first group (Table.2). i.e. number of fruits were 35,75 and 29,00 for drip irrigation and surface irrigation methods respectively at the medium perlite size growth media. The similar results were obtained for coarse, fine and very fine perlite cultures (Table.2). 5113,60 gram and 3249,29 gram tomato yields per plant were obtained from drip and surface irrigation methods respectively at again medium perlite size and also similar results were observed at other perlite cultures in the favour of drip irrigation. 3927,31 gram vs. 2559,7 gram at coarse perlite, 3731,53 grams vs. 2385 grams at fine perlite and 2406,23 grams vs. 1879,33 grams at very fine perlite (Table.2). Similar results were obtained for single fruit weight and for number of fruits. Güler et all, (1998), Altıntaş and Varış (1993), Varış (1991); Varış and Altay (1992); Munsuz et all, (1982) reported that drip irrigation has increased the number of fruits, and the quality of the crop when compared to the furrow irrigation at medium size perlite culture. Medium and coarse perlite sized growth medium provided earliness (shorter growing period, about 75 days) at both irrigation methods. This can be explained by earlier and stronger root growth at these perlite sizes provide faster development of the plant and earlier harvest of the fruits. Weichmann (1986), Varış (1991), and Bogle et all (1989) reported similar results. Analysis of variance and LSD test results are show in table 2.  Dry matter contents of tomato crops were higher at surface irrigation method when compared to drip irrigation method. This can be explained by stronger vegatative development of the crop at drip irrigation system prevents the sunshine of the tomato fruits which is necessary for maturing. As a result, it can be said that the effects of perlite size were effective on average fruit weight, fruit yield and soluble dry matter was significant at 0.01 level and on number of days from planting to harvest was significant at 0.05 level statistically. When irrigation system were compared, better results were obtained by drip irrigation method at medium perlite size (2.1-3.0 mm). 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Altay, 1992.Torba Hacmi ve Perlit İriliğinin, Isıtılmayan Cam Serada Perlit Torba Kültürü İle Yetiştirilen Yaprak Salatada Gelişme ve Verim Üzerine Etkisi. Türkiye I. Tarımda Perlit Sempozyumu. 29-30 Haziran, İzmir. Weichmann, I., 1986. The Effect of Controlled-atmosphere Storage on the sensory and Nutritional Quality of Fruits and Vegetables. Hort. Review. Vol. 8. Wilson, G.C.S., Hall, D.A. and Mc Gregor, A.J., 1984. Perlite Culture of Tomatoes. Technical Note No. 129. The West Of Scotland Agriculture College. Yurtsever, N., 1984. Deneysel İstatistikler Metodları. T.C. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı. Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Yayın No:56, Ankara. |