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Osman Özdemir, İbrahim Kaya Ersöz, Sevinç Alpay Rural Services Samsun Research Instıtute ABSTRACT Samsun soils have very high agrucultural potential, but it has been fertilizer. Some of the fertilizer started accumulate in the soil profile. Fertilizer became as a waste material in soils. In this research shows that phosphorus accumulation in soil profiles since 1966. INTRODUCTION It is known fertilizer than taken from soil by plant roots. Fertilizer has major effect to crop yield but if fertilizer amount in a soil more or less than plant requirement crop will be affected. Optimum crop yields depent on manegement amount of fertilizer in soils. Missing part of the fertilizer can be given in soil profiles by application of fertilizer. But approximately % 50 of given fertilizer are loosing from a soil, because of leaching, run off and evaporation (3). As it is known, Governman supports applying fertilizer but, using fertilizer without knowledge will be increase environmental problems either agricultural or non-agricultural areas. Also there is another side loosing economically income. High fertilizer application effected losting crop yield, also there is another bad affect to in habitans. Commercial fertilizer used to be applied 350 000 tons soils in 1965 and it was 9000000 tons in 1997. Howewer, applying fertilizer increased these years but crop yield quality and quantity did not increase some percantage. The reasons were found by some researchers. According to their results; fertilizers amounnts were applied without knowladge of soil characteristics and crop requests. This land of problems has been seen around Niğde, yield of this crop very low for potato since farmers used high amount nitrogenous fertilizer for potato. Results, in agrucultural area before using any kind of fertilizers, soil analysis must be done (3). Lately, results of the soil analysis there is no need to add phosphorous any more the soils. Because of that exreme phosphorous fertilizer has been applied to wheat, winter vegetables grown as second crop and maize, rice, sugarbeet, sunflower and summer vegetables. Using fertilizer with phosphorous without knowladge, this particular fertilizer include to 15-75 kg. Important ıssue is phosphorus ınclude high metals. High metals are very important point for environment. Phosphorous fertilizers are very important source for cadmium's and they are irreversible. Available phosphorus does not move deeper layers in a soil, but if phosphorus applies more than requirements, it starts to mover downward to deeper layers. This condition can be seen easily sandy textured soils (4). Kacar and Katkat (1997) pointed from Hemwall (1957) that, plants uses 10-30 % of applied phosphorus which fixed available phosphorus and rest of 70-90 % accumulated in the soil. The kinds and amount of phosphorous fertilizer given to soil has effected powder and granule form of fertilizer and application on phosphorus amount in soil which fixed. In the result of interview with farmers, nitrogenous fertilizer has been consumed excessively by farmers. There have been some health problems in people eating these crops because of fertilizer has been passed structure of crops. Uzun and Özdemir (1998), worked on using nitrogen for spinach plant. According to their results, nitrogen increased such as 0-5-10-15-20-25 kg/da also nitrate amount increased with same as in Bafra and Çarşamba plain soils. This results shows, it was more than 300 mg/kg which is highest level for human health can not be effected (8). Either nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer will not be increasing yield as it is known if they apply more than requirement, amount with wrong application and in wrong time. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this research, some chemical characteristics of Samsun soils were checked. Also in this research results analysed between 1966 (1), 1984 (6) and year of 1999. Relationships between 1966 (1)- 1984 (6), Bafra and Çarşamba plains have been which productive soils in 1999 year were compared. Research area includes 97 % brown forest soil, grey podzolic, chessnut brown soil and alluviol large soil groups (6). Agricultural produces were wheat, maize, sugarbeet, sunflower, tobacco, rice, summer and winter vegetables; and hazelnut in agriculture area. Laboratory analyses which are available phosphorus, potassium, lime (%) and organic materials (%) were tested for 0-20 cm soil depth. Soil samples passed from 2 mm sieve than waited for a while until soil become air dry. Table 1 given limits for a soil classification.  RESULT and DISCUSSION This research are proposed to find out what is the results of applying phosphorus to either irrigated or non-irrigated (precipitation 735 mm) agricultural area by without knowladge. It has been considered potassium, lime and organic materials amount in soil profile for 33 years. In Samsun agricultural areas, nitrogenous fertilizer applied depents on soil organic materials contains and how much fertilizer plant needs for optimum grown. Also, phosphorous and potassium fertilizers applied depends on how much available phosphorus and potash already has in soil. Before applying this fertilizers again need to know how much fertilizer must given to soil. To knowing, this amount can be expose field experiments. After literature search it shows that, in Samsun area commercial fertilizer used to apply over need for soil (7). This particular situtation founded out after laboratory soil analysis. Especially soils had very high phosphor in it, this situtation is a danger situtation for future of this soil. This result pointed to us work on phosphor us contains soil. Lime : There has no chance on average lime levels for experiment soils. But in 1984 low lime soils increased 3 %, medium lime 3 % decreased. According to analyses results pH of the soils were neutral or slight alcaline. In this area soils have very little change lime contains. The reasons were leaching and plant extraction. Terme area was lowest lime contains area in total research area. Lime must be apply in this area (Table 2).  Organic matter : According to average of province soils 1/3 percentage soils contains more organic material founded in Terme and Bafra agricultural area in 1984. Recently, highes organic material contain found in Bafra and Ladik agricultural area in 1999 rest of the areas had decrease on organic materials amount in soils (Table 3). It has been shown lowest values were in Vezirköprü (22 %), Kavak (24 %), Havza (25 %) areas between 1984-1999. The reasons were these areas receive high temperature and low precipitation.  Depents on soil organic material contains will be advise amount of nitrogenous fertilizer for that particular soil. Without knowladge, fertilizers application resulted lost of money and increase environmental pollution problems. In Samsun and ıt's towns had many wells using for drinking water. Laboratory test results show that is water contains very high wasted contamination such as nitrit, nitrate and ammonia because of using very high amount nitrogenous fertilizer (Table 4). In some town of Samsun most of the drinking water wells ınstalled flat areas after a slope. In this areas are agricultural field which is planted wheat, tobacco, maize. Farmers use fertilizer increasing yield for this products. After applying fertilizers chemical materials penetrates to deeper soil layers than with ground moves to surface or drainage systems. The water becomes high concentration waste nitrogen materials. Most of the wells water top level between 5-25 m and wells bottom caves from surface 20-25 m installed by user. Main source was water table for all wells. This particular reason is shows that high waste contaminant ground water has very close interaction with wells water. This particular reason shows that using or applying nitrogenous fertilizers must be very good application manegement.  Potassium (K2O) : Table 5 shows that average application for potassium fertilizer between 1966-1984 years. Table shows that after applying fertilizer lower level potassium become medium level potassium in research areas. Highest level potassium contains areas were Havza (83 %), Bafra (88 %), Ladik (95 %) and Vezirköprü (98 %). Lower level potassium contains areas were Terme (46 %) and Çarşamba (65 %).  Phosphorus (P2O5) : Table 6 show that in 1966 phosphorus amount was 31 %, after 18 years it is become 37 %, 15 years later it become significant increas. In this 33 years (1966-1999) at research area used of commercial phosphorus amount increased almost 1 to 3 times. According to research results in 33 years phosphorus application increased from 39 to 49 % at lover phosphorus soils. Medium level soils also phosphorus was applied. As it is known phosphorus can not be used by plat 100 %, some part which is available phosphorus can be used for crops rest of the phosphorus will be accumulated in soil layers. Farmers, as said before did not have soil analyses. They continued give to soil same amount phosphorus. Especially reason for increasing phosphorus amount in soil, farmers planted in this field such as sugarbeet, rice, tobacco, wheat and second crops were cabbage, leek, spinach, radish initially needed phosphorus.  According to Table 6, excessice phosphorus of soils were widely planted especially second crops (Bafra and Çarşamba) and sugarbeet (Bafra, Alaçam, Havza, Ladik, Çarşamba, Vezirköprü). There was some decreasing to use of phosphorus because of crops changed from hazelnut to tobocco, in Terme had some decreasing to use of commercial fertilizer in order 40 % (1966), 24 % (1984) and 20 % (1999) because of hazelnut and poplar increases. In Kavak field had very low yield so, farmers prefer to planted wheat, tobacco and there was very high percantage movement to city. This resons cansel to use of commercial fertilizer. It was decreased between 76 to 29 %. Higher phosphorus soils seen in Çarşamba (22, 28, 37 %), Bafra (29, 46, 66 %), Havza (25, 61, 73 %), Ladik (26, 54, 71 %) and Vezirköprü (18, 38, 67 %) in years. According to research results, there is no need phosphorous fertilizers almost more than 50 % areas. This situation will be more effecient in economical side also good for environmental side such as soil and underground water pollution. REFERENCES Cengiz, Y., Başaran, R. (1966). Productivity Inventory of Blacksea Region. General Dırectorate of Soil and Water Technical Reports Series. Soil and Water Publications: 186. Ankara Universty Press. ANKARA D.İ.E. (1999). Statistical Yearbook of Turkey. Prime Ministry State Statistical Instıtute Publications. Publication No: 2240 ANKARA Haktanır, K., Arcak, S., Karaca, A. (1995). Agrucultural Envinonmental Problems and Sustainable Agriculture. Agriculture Engineers of Turkey IV. Technical Congress. Volume : 1.p.379-415. ANKARA Kacar. B., Katkat, V. (1977). Phosphorus In Agriculture. Trade Bourse of Bursa Publications No: 5. BURSA SAMSUN Rural Services Research Instutite. Registration of Soil Analysis Laboratory (1999). SAMSUN Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Rural. General Directorate of Soil and Water.Department Precidency of Soil Investigation and Mapping (1984). Productivity Investory of Samsun Province and Fertilize Need Report. TOVEP Pub. No: 23 Gen. Pub. No:760 ANKARA Tüzüner, A., Kurucu, N., Gedikoğlu, İ., Eyüpoğlu, F., Börekçi, M., Sönmez, B., Ağar, A. (1990). Laboratories of Soil and Water Analysis Handbook. Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Rural. General Directorate of Rural Services ANKARA. Uzun, Z., Özdemir, O. (1998) The Determination Requirement of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizers in Spinach at the Bafra and Çarşamba Plains. General Directorate of Rural Services. Directorate of Samsun Research Institute Pub. Gen. Pub. No: 95. Report Series No: R-82. SAMSUN Ülgen, N., Yurtsever, N. (1995). Turkey Fertilizer Directory (4. Press) Prime MinistryGeneral Directorate of Rural Services. Directorate of Soil and Fertilizer Research Pub. Gen. Pub. No: 209. Technical Pub. No: T-66. ANKARA |