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Kemal Gür, Serpil Önder, Tuğrul Polat Selçuk University Faculty of Agrucultural - Konya/Turkey ABSTRACT This work was carried out to enlighten the rates and the distributions of the agricultural land losses throughout the years due to uncontrolled and miss-planned urbanisation and industrialisation in Konya province since 1941. The results can be summarised as follows; - The population of the city itself has been around 56465 in 1941, but then it has shown a high rates of increases to the present. It became 329.139 with an increase rate of 483% and 702842 with an increase rate of 1144.7 % in 1980 and 1999 respectively. - The area arranged and left for the city settlement has shown the same patterns of the drastic and fast rate of increases in accordance with those of the increased population in the city itself: although it has been only 544 ha in 1941, it became 8016 ha with an increasing rate of 1373.5 % and 29558 ha with a increasing rate of 5333.5 % in 1981 and 1997 respectively. - It was calculated that the distribution of the most productive agricultural soils (grouped as soil classes of I and II. ) among the lands that have been left and thus lost for the new settlements of the newly urbanised areas, were approximately 92.22 % and 65.83 % in 1981 and 1999 respectively. - Some suggestions were made to take serious measures in order to stop the misusing of the productive agricultural lands, because of the uncontrolled and disorganised urbanisation and industrialisation in Konya. INTRODUCTION The concept of sustainable agriculture in our Country is not new. For decades, farmers have applied soil management and conservation practices to the best of their ability, thinking that potential of agricultural land to produce food is finite. A concept of sustainable land use has take into consideration that agricultural and forest land use is only one of six important uses of soil and land. Those other uses are : and for filtering, buffering and transformation in the ease of landfills or widespread deposition of adverse chemical products, the use of land and soil as biological gene reserve, as well as three more, intensively linked to human activities, such as the use of land for infrastructural development , e.g. the construction of roads, residential buildings, industrial premises, recreation and sporting areas, and the use of soil material such as clay, sand, gravel and others for the establishment of those constructions. The natural resources of the ecosystem including land have become under increasing pressure in the past few decades as they are being utilised at levels which may be higher than their inherent carrying capacity. Moreover, many lands are being misused and / or polluted. Therefore, extensive land areas in may countries like Turkey, are subjected to degradation and then to desertification. This case is particularly accentuated in the arid and sub-arid regions of the world, as in the case of Great Konya Basin, where land degradation is equated with desertification ( Gür 1987 ). The main purpose of this paper is to discuss all these interrelated factors and make sound practical suggestions for preventing the wide-spread losses of the productive agricultural lands because of the miss-planned and uncontrolled urbanisation and industrialisation in Konya, Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS Konya has been one of the oldest settlement of Anatolia in the History. It is located on a large plateau known as "Great Konya Basin" in the central part of Anatolia. The plateau itself is surrounded by the high mountains. The height of the plateau is about 1021 meter above the sea level. Therefore, the region has a typical terrestrial climate i.e. cold in winter, but hot and semiarid in summer. The rain falls usually in winter and spring. The mean precipitation is about 204.5 mm throughout the year. Due to its very favourable soil and climatic conditions, The Great Konya Basin has a significant agricultural potential. That's why it has been known to be the store of cereals of Turkey . The general (total) sown agricultural land comprise an area of 30.117.410 ha in Konya. Irrigated and non-irrigated (rainfed) agricultural lands cover about 505.687 ha and 2.505.231 ha respectively (Bayraklı et. al. 1991). In order to trace the land use changes in Konya during the last 58 years, the topographical soil maps having a scale of 1:100.000 and reports (Anonymous 1992), the reports and the Regulating Improvement Plant of Konya city designed up to the year of 2020 (Taşcı 1999), the tables and the maps showing the distribution of urbanisation in Konya according to the years (Önder and Gür, 1998) were used. Using the Regulating Improvement Plans of Karatay, Meram and Selçuklu towns which are already located within the boundry of the Central Municipality of Konya, The maps having a scale of 1:100.000 and showing the present situation of urbanal land use and the classes of land-use capability. Then, the rates and the distribution of the soil losses of the productive agricultural lands due to the uncontrolled,and disorganised industrialisation and urbanisation were determined with the diagramatical and mechanical (Planymetrical) methods (Ayyıldız, 1981). DISCUSSION Distributions of the population, the settlement areas, together with the land-use capability classes according to periods (years) in Konya between 1941 and 1999 were given in Table 1, Map 1 and 2 respectively. As given in The Table 1, the population of the city its self has been around 56.465 in 1941, but then it has shown high rate of increase to the present (i.e.1999): For-example, it has become 157.934, 200.464, 329.139, 513.346 and 702.842 in 1941, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 1999 respectively (Table 1). Thus , the rates of increases among the years in which the census has been done, were as follows : unpublished 179.7 % (1941-1964), 26.9 % (1964-1970), 64.2 % (1970-1980), 56.0 % (1980-1990) and 36.9 % (1990-1999) respectively. These figures shows that, in the last 58 years, demographic outbursts and migration have led towards a great overpopulation in the Konya. The city has received large numbers of emigrants mainly from the rural areas and surrounding towns such as Taşkent , Hadim, Ermenek etc. It was concluded that, attractiveness of the city vis-a-vis suitable resorts, and better working facilites have been supposed to be the main reasons for the migration and for the overpopulation in Konya. However, all these have resulted in a disorganised and unplanned industrialisation: New settlement areas have been created to solve the housing needs in the vicinity of the city to overcome the " overpopulation" problem. During this process, usually large as well as fertile agricultural areas have been transformed into an urban land at an astounding speed, we thus, see concrete blocks budding on the prime quality fertile land accompanied by soil erosion in the form of brick production needed for the acceleration of the miss-planned and uncontrolled urbanisation. In other words, the increased pressures imposed by the uncontrolled and disorganised urbanisation and industrialisation, and other improper and misuses of the soil have created irreversible losses of highly productive agricultural lands, in Konya. The earlier conditions have been very different from the present with relatively low population density and little pressure on agricultural land. Thus, it was concluded that, the growing population pressure on the agricultural land in the last 58 years, has been one of the main cause of the present land degradation and land desertification. Unfortunately, approximately 31.286 ha of the agricultural land is being occupied by various industries and urban settlements most of which are prime quality on the other hand, the areas left for the city settlement cover about 544 ha, 1.728 ha, 4.896 ha, 10.704 ha, 22.848 ha and 31.286 ha in 1941, 1964, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 1999 respectively. It can be calculated that the city settlement area has increased approximately 3.2 times from 1941 to 1964 2.8 times from to 1964, to 1970 and 1.4 times from to 1990 respectively. On the other hand, it was also calculated that 76.33 % of the area (i.e., 10.704 ha) that have been left for city settlement covered the most productive agricultural soil classes (I and II) in 1980. The similar distribution and patterns exist at present. For-example, as shown in the Table 1 and also on the Maps '1 and 2), it was found that 80.4 % of the total area (i.e.,31.285 ha) that have been left for the city settlement represent the most productive agricultural soil classes covering I, II, III and IV, mentioned above and as shown in the Table 1, and also on the Map 1 and Map 2 . This means that, the area arranged and left for the city settlement has shown the same pathways of the drastic and fast rate of increases in the population of Konya City. Thus, it was concluded that hundreds of hectares of the most productive lands have been lost due to the misuses for non-agricultural purposes such as disorganised industrialisation uncontrolled and miss-planned urbanisation in the last six decades. Moreover, most of orchards, mainly comprise vineyard and apricot trees, such as the historical Meram, Kum, Sille, Yaka, Köyceğiz, Alavardı, orchards etc., have been lost and now they are all being occupied by buildings and factories. Eventually, disorganised, uncontrolled and miss-planned urbanisation and industrialisation, overgrazing, overexploitation, deforestation and soil pollution are supposed to be main causative for the land degradation and desertification as far as the maintenance of the sustainable agriculture is concerned, in Konya. The reason for this retrogressive trend, of course, can not be related to just a single factor but rather includes a complex mixture of several interrelated factors, namely that of inadequate land distribution, judicial, social and economic problems, and ineffective technical services provided to the villagers for grazing management and pasture development practices. However, some promising measures have been initiated by the Local Government were observed to minimise this soil degradation and soil desertification. The most important initiative has been the determination of the Northern part of the city with the unproductive lands that comprise soil classes of VI and VII, as the "new urban development zone".  In order to minimise the misuse of the productive agricultural land due to the uncontrolled and disorganised urbanisation and industrialisation in Konya, some general measures suggested can be summarised as follows; - National land use and conservation policies need to be developed, considering the suitable management practices and capabilities of soil and legislative together with socio-economic factors. - Detailed soil and land use and quality maps need to be prepared along with appropriate modelling. In this regard, universities and research institution have important role to play. - One of the main agendas for land use policies, in Konya, also in Turkey in general, should be to establish international institutions whose prime objectives would be to tackle with the land degradation and desertification, in all aspects. International funds, of course, should be made available to materialise this. - The national soil policy legislation and establishment of an independent organisation to implement the objectives of national soil policy in relation with degradation control, has been recommended. - A governmental authority as the GAP (Southern Anatolian Project) must be established in the Great Konya Basin.,(e.g.KOP) to deal with the inventory assessment, development, management and conservation of land water resources and plant nutrients. - There is a need focusing on management of degradation and desertification believing that sustainability and productivity of farming practices should be improved together. REFERENCES Alkan, A., 1990. Tarihi Kentin Planlama Sorunu. S.Ü.Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Assoc. Prof. Desertation(unpublished), s: 200. KONYA. Anonymous, 1992. Konya İli Arazi Varlığı. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları No: 42. ANKARA Anonymous, 1998. Türkiye'nin Çevre Sorunları 1999. Türkiye Çevre Vakfı Yayını No:131 , Önder Matbaası. ANKARA . Ayyıldız, M. , 1980.Ölçme Bilgisi. A.Ü.Ziraat Fakültesi Yayını No:550,A.Ü.Basımevi. ANKARA Bayraklı, F., Karakaplan, K.,GÜR, K.,Fırat,B.,Gezgin,S.,1991. Orta Anadolu'daki Toprak ve Arazi Kullanımı. Orta Anadolu'da Tarımın Verimlilik Sorunları Sempozyumu (8-10 Mayıs, 1991), 30-39. KONYA Çevikbaş, R., 1991. Türkiye'de Tarım Topraklarının Amaç Dışı Kullanılması ve Yarattığı Sorunların Önlenmesi . Tabiat ve İnsan Dergisi, Yıl:25, Sayı:3, 11-16, Doğuş Matbaası . ANKARA Gür , K., 1987. Çevre Kirliliği Ders Kitabı. S.Ü Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No : 15 , Kampüs-KONYA Önder, S. ve Gür, K., 1998. Konya'da Kentsel Gelişmelerin Tarımsal Alan Kayıplarına Etkileri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma .S.Ü.Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 12(17), 105-115. KONYA. Taşcı, Y., 1999. Konya Büyükşehir Çevre Düzeni Revizyon Nazım İmar Planı Araştırma Raporu. Kon Plan 2020 (unpublished). KONYA |