|
|
| Bildiri Özetleri | |
| Ana Sayfaya Dönüş |
| ISD Ana Sayfası |
|
Saime Seferoğlu, Gönül (Bilgehan) Aydın, Mehmet Aydın AD.Ü. Agricultural Faculty Soil Science Dept. Cakmar Aydin ABSTRACT Being one of the waste materials of oil mills, vegetation water (VW) causes some environmental pollution. However, some of the characteristics of this material are favorable for agriculture since organic matter, N,P,K and Mg content of this material are very rich. In this research, VW was used as fertilizers in form of liquid and solid. It was let to dry in the factory reservoir and then used in the experiment as solid form. This trial was carried out under alluvial soils of Agricultural faculty farm in Aydın. Completely randomised design with seven treatments and four replications were used. Effects of VW of oil mills on some physical and chemical characteristics of soils were determined. INTRODUCTION Environmental pollution problem resulting from wastes of factories has been one of the most controversial problems for the public in recent years. Since VW, one of the waste materials of oil mills, also causes environmental pollution, it has directed the sector in olive oil producer countries to find a solution to this problem. Olive and olive oil production are one of the most important incomes in Aydın regions and some other parts of Turkey. Turkey is the fourth among the olive oil producer countries in the world (Anonymous, 1997). But, apart from its benefits, if the necessary measures are not taken or if other possibilities to use it in different ways are not provided, it could cause severe environmental problems and even pollution. VW is produced from olive after removing oil in mills. This secondary product has a dark red colour and high total solid matter content, acidity, organic matter, P, K and Mg (Püskülcü et all. 1995). Turkey has 750 000-800 000 ton olive and 100 000-120 000 ton oil production per annum (Anonymous, 1995). According to some researches, 120 m3 VW is produced from each 100 ton olive in mills that use continuous extraction system of oil (Işıklı. 1992). Depending on this calculation, 650 000 ton of 750 000-800 000 ton olive per annum in productive years is used for oil in mills. It is supposed that it leads to 650 000-700 000 m3 VW per annum which is equal to the amount of environmental pollution caused by 7500 000 people. To avoid some unfavourable circumstances which VW causes the developed countries use VW in different ways. In those countries where olive production has improved; · VW is filtered in soil and the mud obtained is directly used as a fertiliser or as a raw material in fertiliser factories. · It is mixed with irrigation water in certain amounts used as irrigation water · It is used as a fodder mixed with olive pulp. · It is used as a raw material in fodder industry. · As a fuel when mixed with olive solid wastes and forest wastes, in making briquette. · It's used to produce biogas obtained through anaerobic process. Because of its high organic matter, P, K and Mg content, using it as fertiliser is one of there ways. It was determined that there is an average 6 kg organic matter per 1 m3 VW (Manuel Hermoso, 1984). Turkey looses about 4550 ton K2O, 845 ton P2O5 and 211 MgO Per annum with about 650 000 ton VW (Püskülcü et all, 1995). It was determined that 1 m3 VW has 3.5-11 kg K2O, 0.6-2.0 kg P2O5, 0.15-0.5 kg Mg (Acunaz, 1987). Urinos, 1981 claimed that VW has 0.005 K and 0.0015 P content so it could be used as fertilizers in the form of liquid and solid on the soil with the rate of 50 m3 ha-1 (Hermoso, 1983). VW is used for different purposes in olive oil producer countries like Spain, Italy and Greece. But, the important one for us is the VW as fertiliser. However, When the related literature reviewed, it could be seen that there are not many researches done about the effects of VW when used as fertilizers on chemical and physical properties of soil. Therefore, this project will contribute to obtain some basic knowledge on the related subject (Llamas, 1978; Alvarez, 1979; Potenz, 1980; Morisot, 1981, Levi- Minzi et all. 1992 ). The purpose of this study is to contribute on some basics knowledge on decreasing environmental pollution and increasing VW use as agricultural input. MATERIAL AND METHODS Research materials is VW which the running oil mills in the region pay no attention to. First, VW was used as liquid. Second, VW evaporated in a barges for 3-4 months. Then, dry residuals were applied to the soil as fertilizers. The experiments were carried out on Adnan Menderes University, faculty of Agriculture field in two different soil groups. The experimental method used was that of random-block design and four replications. Applications were two forms of VW. Liquid forms were applied in three different time (0,90,180 days ) and three doses (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 L m-2). Solid forms were also applied three doses ( 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 kg m-2). Plot sizes were 2 x 2= 4 m-2 and there was 1 m gap between plots. Applications doses: 1- Control 2- 2.5 L m-2 VW ( as liquid, total of three applications) 3- 5.0 L m-2 VW ( as liquid, total of three applications) 4- 7.5 L m-2 VW ( as liquid, total of three applications) 5- 1.5 kg m-2 VW ( as solid) 6- 3.0 kg m2 VW ( as solid) 7- 4.5 kg m-2 VW ( as solid) Physical and Chemical Analysis : Texture : Hydrometer methods ( Bouyoucus, 1959). Aggregation Index : (Yesilsoy and Berkman, 1975). Aggregate Stability : (Kemler, 1966). Suspension, Dispersion Percentage : (Akalan, 1973 and Richards, 1975). Structure Stability Index : (Yesilsoy, 1968). Hydraulic Properties of Soils (permeability, available water content) : Yesilsoy and Güzelis 1969). pH : 1/2 soil/water suspension : (Anonymous, 1980). Electrical conductivity : (Soil Survey Staff, 1951). % CaCO3 : Scheibler calsimeter (Çağlar, 1958). % Organic Matter : Walkey- Black (Anonymous, 1980). Total N : Kjeldahl methods (Kacar, 1972). Exchangeable P : 0.5 M NaHCO3 (Olsen, et all, 1965). Exchangeable K, Ca, Na and Mg : 1 N NH4OAC (Kacar, 1962). DISCUSSION The research has been planed to be done in two forms (liquid and solid) in two different soil groups and for two years. The analytical data of the VW used in the project are given in Table 1. (Fiestas Ros de Ursinos, 1986; Püskülcü, et all. 1995).  As it could be seen in Table 1, VW has a high P, K, and Mg contend. The results of the first year of the long term period project have been taken here. The effects of VW on chemical and physical properties of two different soil groups were determined by taking soil samples every two months. Here are the analyses of the soil samples taken in three different times. The physical and chemical analyses of research soils were given in Table 2. When the results of the analyses are considered, it is seen that there is a difference in soil structure of the surface horizons of the soils belonging to two different levels. In both soil series are sand and loam structure. It was observed that after the application of VW there was a rise in the salt contents of the soils. After the application, soil pH first lowered and then rose and reacted its former level. Likewise, in their study of maize Levi and et all (1992) had the same results for salt and pH. It was also found out that the organic material content of Kocakir series increased more than that of the isletme series. On the other hand, there was not a considerable increase in nitrogen and calcium content of the soils increased in accordance with the doses used.  There was not a considerable increase in Mg, Na contents of the soils after the application. There was a parallelism between the rise and the amounts of doses used. Likewise, Püskülcü and et all (1995) arrived at similar results. It was observed that there was a small increase in aggregation stability which is closely related to structure, organic material, lime and sodium contents. This is especially important for those regions where there is low aggregation stability. Yet, if the Na contents decrease as a result of the applications which will be done later, it could decrease aggregation stability. However, because VW has some positive effects on the soil the improvement of the negative factors might increase aggregation stability. REFERENCES Acunaz C., (1987). Zeytin ve Zeytin yağı Birliğine Ait Sıkma Tesisleri Arttığı Karasuyun Arıtımı ve Değerlendirilmesi . Sonuç Raporu Tariş Ar-Ge. 012. Akalan İ., (1973). Toprak fiziği A.Ü. Ziraat FaküLesi Yayın No: 527/172. Anonymous (1980). Soil and Plant Testing and Analysis as a Basis of fertilezer Reconnmendations, F.A.O.Soils Bülletin, 38/2 p 95. Alvarez A., (1979). "Actuaciones realizados por los almazareros para la eliminacio'n de los vertidos de alpechin a cauces publicos". XV Asamblea de Miembros del Instıtuto de la Grasa y sus Derivados. Sevilla, Mayo. 1979. 6p. Anonymous (1997). COI Report on Economic Matters CE/R 42/doc. No:24 April. Bouyoucus G. J., (1955). A. Calibration of the Hidrometer Metod for Making Mechanical Analysis of the Soils. Agronomy Journal, Vol.4., No: 9-434. Çağlar K.Ü., (1958). Toprak bilgisi. A.Ü.Yayınları, No: 10. Fiestas Ros de Ursinos J.A. (1986). Progress Report on Research and Technologies in connection with the Question of olive VWs. International Seminar on olive oil Techinology. S: 2 Izmır- TURKEY Hermoso M., (1983). Use of Olive by-products as fertilizers. İnternational course on fertilization and İntensification of olive cuLivation S. 65-88. Işıklı T., (1992). Farklı Teknoloji Uygulanan Zeytinyağı Fabrikalarında Elde Edilen Karasuyun Analitik Özelliklerinin Tesbiti Üzerine Araştırma. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Zeytincilik Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları No: 56 Bornova/ İZMİR. Kacar B., (1962). Plant and Soil Analysis. Universty of Nebraska, College of AgricuLure. Department of Agronomy, Licoln, Nebraska, U:S:A: Kacar B., (1972). Bitki ve toprağın kımyasal analızlerı , II. Bitki analizleri, A:Ü: Zir. Fak. Yayınları , 453. Kemler W.D., (1965). Agregat Stability ( C.A. Black et. al. edit) Methodsof Soil Analysis Part II. Agronomy Series No:9 ASA. Inc. Pub. Medison. Wics. U.S.A. pp.511-519. Levi- Minzi R.,Saviozzi R., Riffaldi R., and Falzo L., (1992).Land application of vegetable water effects on soil properties. Olivae No: 40 S: 20-25 . Llamas J.F. (1978). INIA. Estacion de OlivicuLure y elayotecnia Jaen (Espana). Manuel Hermaso., (1984). Use of Olive By-Products as Fertilizers- İnternational Course on Fertilization and İntensification- F:A:O: Madrid / SPAİN. Morisot A., (1981). "Etude de l' epandage des margines des mouins d' olives". Institut National dela Recherche Agronomique Station de Science du sol - BP 78 06602- 53, (5), 443-461. Olsen S.R. and Dean, L: A.; (1965). Phoshorus (Ed. C. A. Black) Methods of soil Analysis.Part 2. American Society of Agronomy. Inc. Publisher Madison Wisconsin U.S.A. Potenz D., Righetti E., Volpicella M., (1980). "Effetto inquinante delle acque reflue della lavorazione delle olive su terreno agrario 3. Caratteristiche e qualita delle sostanze umiche, comportamento di alcune coLure erbaces". Inquinamento, 22 (2), 65-68. Püskülcü G., Dikmelik Ü., Akıllıoğlu A., (1995). Karasudan Elde Edilen Tortunun Zeytinde Gübre Olarak Kullanılması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Tarımsal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü Zeytincilik Araş. Enst. Bornova- İZMİR. Sonuç Raporu Richards L.A:; (1954). Diagnosis and İmprovement of Saline and Alkali Soils. U.S. AgricuLure Hand book No: 60. 159 S. Soil Survey Staff,. (1951). Soil Manuel Washington D.C. 339-363. Ursinos F.R., (1981). Differentes uLilization des margines recherches en cours, resuLats obtenus et aplications. Seminaire international sur la valorisation des sous-produits de lolivier. P. 93-110. Yeşilsoy M.Ş., (1968). Toprak Strüktür Stabilitesi Tayini Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Yayınları sayı: 17. Ankara (8). Yetilsoy M.Ş., and Güzeliş, (1969). Topraklarda Hava- Su Permeabilite oranı ve Strüktür Stabilitesi. Türkiye Toprak İlmi Derneği Yay. No:1 Sayı.153-161. Yeşilsoy M.Ş., ve Berkman, A., (1975). Islak Eleme Yöntemi ile Topraklarda Agregasyon İndeksinin Saptanması Ç.Ü. Zir. Fak. Yıllığı Yıl 55. 1-2 Sayfa 95-110. |