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AND THEIR AVAILABILITY FOR PLANTS Songül Rakıcıoğlu, Ahmet Korkmaz Ondokuz Mayıs University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Soils Science, Samsun/TURKEY ABSTRACT This research was conducted to determine the zinc fractions of soils in Bafra Plain and their availability for barley. For this purpose, DTPA extractable zinc, other zinc fractions and their availability for plants were determined on 46 soils sampled from 0 to 20 cm depth. The total zinc in the 46 soil samples varied from 26.84 to 184.31 ppm with an average of 60.25 ppm. A sequential fraction showed that 0.39-3.66 % of total zinc was exchangeable (EX-Zn), 0.01-0.19 % was associated with organic matter (OM-Zn), 0.26-7.39 % was associated Mn oxides (MnOX-Zn), 0.86-49.46 % was associated with crystalline Fe oxides (FeOX-Zn), 7.62-53.82 % was associated with amorph Fe oxides (AFeOX-Zn) and 12.32-83.80 % was present in residual form (R-Zn). It was determined that the amount of DTPA extractable Zn in soil samples varied from 0.50 to 4.60 ppm. The extractable Zn content with DTPA showed positive correlations with R-Zn and AFeOX-Zn (p<0.01). Zn uptake by barley varied from 12.81 to 35.92 mg Zn /100g soil. Zn uptake showed a positive correlation with CFeOX-Zn and negative correlations with T-Zn and R-Zn (p<0.01). There was not any significant relation between the other Zn fractions and Zn uptake by barley. The extractable Zn content with DTPA showed a positive correlation with barley Zn uptake (p<0.05). According to the statistical analysis results, direct effects of Zn fractions on barley Zn uptake were ordered as R-Zn > CFEOX- Zn > MnOX- Zn > AFeOX-Zn >EX-Zn. The most important soil property affected on Zinc uptake from Zn fractions was the soil pH. INTRODUCTION The total amount of Zn shows variety from soil to soil depending upon soil characteristics. Zinc in soils is usually present in Sfalerit [Simitsonit(ZnCO3) and hemimorfit (Zn4(OH)2 Si2O7H2O] mineral form. (Barber,1995). It is accepted that the total zinc content in soil is generally between 10-300 ppm (Aydemir and İnce, 1998). Zn contents are between 3.5-57 ppm in West Germany's podzol and sandy soils (Schliching and Elgala, 1975), Zn contents are between 15-20 ppm in Canada's loamy and Clay soils (Presant, 1971). Holmgren et al.(1993) studied on the Zn contents of the 3045 soils sampled from 307 different soil series in USA. In their study, average Zn content of the soils was 42.9 ppm, average Zn content in mineral soils was 41.4 ppm and average Zn content in organic soils was 64.9 ppm. Lee et al. (1997) found 37-63 ppm Zn in Oklahoma Benmark surface soil and 135-203 ppm Zn in clay fraction. Haktanır (1984) reported that the most important part of the total Zinc in soils was associated with organic and inorganic soil colloidal fractions. Therefore, total Zn fraction in soils can not be evaluated as a criteria for determination of available Zn fraction in soils for plants. Liang et al (1990) indicated that available Zn in soils for plants is not directly associated with total Zn in soils. The main factors in the Zn fractions in soil are Fe and Mn oxides (Jenne, 1968). After all the extractable Zn fractions, the residual Zn fraction in soil is mostly present in crystalline structures of primer and seconder minerals (Shuman, 1985). According to Shuman (1979) and Neilsen et al. (1986), Zn in soils is water soluble , exchangeable forms, associated with Fe, Al, Manganeseoxides, organic bound Zn and present in residual form. In the study by Chandrashektar and Kedlaya (1988), the amounts of available Zn fractions within the total Zn fractions were ordered as; soluble < exchangeable < organic bound Zn complex < absorbed < residual Zn. They found that soluble, exchangeable and complex Zn fractions should be increased to decrease the yield loses. Iyenger et al (1981), studied on the 19 soil samples . They found that total Zn (T- Zn) was fractionated in water - soluble and exchangeable Zn (Ca-Zn) specifically adsorbed (AC - Zn), organic bound Zn (HAH-Zn), Al and Fe-oxide bound Zn (AMOX-Zn), and residual Zn (R-Zn) forms. Most of the T-Zn , was present in the amorph Al and Fe oxides bound Zn (25%) and residual Zn (6%) fractions. The averages of CA - Zn , AC-Zn , PYRO-Zn and HAH-Zn fractions are 0.4, 3.3, 2.5 and 2.0 % of the T-Zn, respectively. The CA-Zn in the 19 soils increased with a decrease in soil pH, whereas the AC-Zn increased with an decrease in soil pH, the PYRO-Zn in the soils varied directly with organic C and soil pH. In this study, total Zn and distribution of Zn fractions in soils of Bafra Plain and relationships of these fractions, with Zn contents and Zn uptake by plant were investigated . MATERIALS & METHODS In this study, soil samples taken from Samsun-Bafra plain were used. Soils were selected to represent Bafra Plain and taken from 0-30cm depth in December 1997. Textures of soil were determined according to Bouyoucus (1951), pH, salinity, organic matter, EC and exchangeable cations to Richards (1954) CaCO3 to Çağlar (1958); available P to Olsen et al. (1954) and extractable Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn with DTPA to Lindsay and Norvell (1978).  Residual Zn was calculated subtracting sum of the Zinc fractions from total Zn content. To determine the Zinc uptake by plants in the soils, modified Neubauer method was used as a biological method (Cottenie and Gabriels, 1966). The plant Zn contents, were determined with AAS according to Kacar (1972 The statistical analysis of data obtained from laboratory analysis results was done by TARİST computer package program and evaluated according to Düzgüneş (1963). DISCUSSION The physical and chemical properties of the soils are given in Table 2.  It was determined that sand 9.54-38.83 %, silt 12.57-48.56 %, clay 11.09-77.89 % ; pH 6.60-8.20; Salt 0.006-0.052 %; CaCO3 0.20-12.39 %; Organic matter 0.88-2.86 %; available P 3.99-24.82 ppm; exchangeable Ca+Mg 13.08-62.46 meq/100gr and DTPA extractable Fe 5.97-27.28 ppm, Cu 0.91-8.18 ppm and Mn 0.51-12.77 ppm varied in the soils. The total zinc and the distribution of the zinc fractions and as a percent of total zinc are given in Table 3.  The zinc fractions as a percent of total Zn were R-Zn>AFeOx- Zn>CFeOx-Zn>MnOx-Zn> EX-Zn>OM-Zn. Chandreshekter and Kedlaya (1988) determined that the available zinc fractions in total zinc are water soluble Zn < exchangeable Zn < organic bound < complexed zinc < adsorbed Zinc < residual Zinc. The contents of extractable Zinc with DTPA and the plant zinc uptake in these soils are given in Table 4.  It was determined that the contents of extractable Zn with DTPA changed between 0.50-4.60 ppm. They were generally sufficient, but the Zn levels in 3 soils were critical (0.05ppm). The plant zinc uptake in research soils changed between 12.81-35.92 mgZn/100gr soil. The statistical relationships between total zinc, DTPA extractable zinc and the other zinc fractions with plant zinc uptake are given in Table 5 .  A negative correlation (p < 0.01) was found between plant zinc uptake and total zinc residual zinc (R-Zn) in soils. Also, Martens and Chesters (1967) determined significant negative correlations (p < 0.01) between plant zinc uptake with total zinc contents of soil and clay contents. Plant zinc uptake showed positive significant correlations with DTPA extractable Zn and CFeOX-Zn. The positive correlation between plant Zn uptake and CFeOX-Zn can be explained with that non available Zn form in soils can be become available Zn form by deoksimugineik acid products by barley roots in soil (Römheldand Marschner, 1990; Çakmak et al., 1995). Also it was determined that there were significant correlations between DTPA extractable Zn with R-Zn (r=0.288**) and AFeOX-Zn (r= 0.606**). In order to determine the direct and indirect effects of Zn fractions and some soil properties on Zn uptake by barley, path analysis results are given in Table 6.  Except R-Zn, in the indirect effects of all the zinc fractions through soil properties on plant Zn uptake, pH was the most effective soil property. This situation indicates that pH is the most important property for plant zinc uptake from the different zinc fractions in soil. Other than pH, some other soil properties such as; organic matter, CaCO3 available P and clay content are also important properties for plant zinc uptake. 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