|
|
| Bildiri Özetleri | |
| Ana Sayfaya Dönüş |
| ISD Ana Sayfası |
|
B. Okur 1 , N. Eryüce 1 , B. Çokuysal 1 , H. Çakıcı 1 , D. Anaç 1 , S. Tezcan 2 , M. A. Ul 3 , A.Ünal 4 1 Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Soil Science Dept. 35100 Bornova-İzmir/Turkey 2 Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Dept. 35100 Bornova-İzmir/Turkey 3 Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Dept. 35100 Bornova-İzmir/Turkey 4 Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture Dept. 35100 Bornova-İzmir/Turkey ABSTRACT Cherry which is one of the unique cash crops in Turkey has a very high local consumption and an export potential with over 8.5 million bearing trees and 215.000 tons production. Due to its high economic value, growers often over fertilize and use agricultural chemicals. To avoid such misuses, environmentally friendly techniques are undertaken in order to grow organic or ecological cherry. An experiment was established where three cherry varieties cv. Sapıkısa, Napolyon and Salihli, as early, mid and late season were studied respectivelly. Irrigation was practiced at full (I1.00) and half (I0.50) levels and fertilization was realised by farmyard and green manuring. Sticky yellow traps were placed on each of the experimental trees for Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae) and evaluations were fulfilled. Soils and leaves were sampled at the start and at the end of the experimental period. Results given below belong to the second sampling time. The significant effect of manuring on all of the leaf minerals was found high. On the other hand irrigation treatments had impacts only on leaf-N and Ca contents. As for the varieties, leaf mineral composition showed significant differences with respect to P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn. INTRODUCTION Changes in human population are closely associated with the improvements in plant production which results in tremendous pressures in the environment by the increasing use of agricultural chemicals. Recently, there is an increasing global awareness for environmental protection and the concern is finding its place in agricultural activities. In Turkey, 67 crops on 27.000 ha of land is organically grown. Cherry, Prunus avium L., is one of these crops which finds a very convenient climate in Ege Region of western Turkey by possessing 20% of the tree bearing and 25% of the total production (Anonymous, 1998). Kemalpaşa province in this region is significant by its well established plantations and the diversity of productive varieties. Within the scope of this project which aimed to introduce environmentally friendly techniques in cherry growing, different manuring programmes were applied to different varieties under different irrigation conditions to examine the yield and the nutrient status of the trees leaf samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment was performed in 1998 in an organic cherry farm possessing 160 trees of early (Sapıkısa), mid (Napolyon) and late season crops (Salihli). At the orchard, cultural, physical and biological protection are practised as recommended. Farmyard manure (FYM) and green manure (GM) formed the manuring programme as 150 kg/tree and 500 g vetch seed /tree respectivelly. To fulfill the green manuring, vetch was mixed into soil at the stage of abundant flowering and. irrigation was practised at two levels as the recommended full irrigation (I1.00) and (I0.50) half of the recommend dose. The experiment was designed in randomised blocks with the 5 replications, as 3 manuring programme (FYM + GM + Control), 2 irrigation practices (I1.00 + I0.50) and 3 varieties. Soil samples were taken from the distinct horizons of the profiles to evaluate the fertility status of the orchards before the application of treatments. To examine the effect of treatments, leaf samples were collected as recommended (Kacar, 1972). Soils and leaves were analysed for their physical and chemical properties. Sticky yellow traps were placed on each of the experimental trees for Rhagoletis cerasi L. and evaluations were fulfilled. DISCUSSION Some of properties related to the experimental orchard soil is given in Table 1. The experimental soil was neutral in reaction, sandy-loam in texture, poor in CaCO3 and organic matter and had no salinity problem. The major and minor elements of the leaf samples are given in Table 2.   Results of laboratory analyses with respect to the reference values given by Bergmann (1986) and Leece (1975) showed that leaf N, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn contents were at optimum levels. On the other hand leaf P and Fe changed from low to optimum while Cu being above. Statistical analyses (Table-3) related to the effect of treatments on leaf nutrients revealed that manuring has significantly (%1) influenced the nutrient concentration. As for the irrigation treatments, the effect was significant at 1% level on leaf N, P,K, Ca and 5% on leaf Mg, Mn only. No significant statistical interaction was found between the two considered treatments. It can be concluded that the effect of manuring and irrigation on leaf nutrients is independent. In the case of varieties are their relation with respect to leaf nutrients, a statistically significant difference is seen. Variety effects were significant at 1% level for P, K, Ca, Mg and Fe while being 5% for Mn. The interaction between the manuring and the varieties showed that the effect of these factors are not independent which consequently notifies a definite change in case the other changes excluding the case of leaf K and Ca. This interaction was found significant at 1% level for K and Ca. The interaction between the irrigation and the varieties showed that the effect of these two factors are not independent except for N and Ca. This interaction effect was significant at %5 level. The effect of the interaction of three considered factors(manuring, interaction and varieties) was not found statistically significant.  LSD tests of the treatments and the statistically related leaf nutrients are given in Table-4. From the table, it can be concluded that compared to that of control, FYM and GM significantly increased the concentration of entire leaf nutrients. However no significant difference was found between the two manuring programme. The LSD tests related to the varieties and leaf nutrients revealed that "Sapıkısa" with a higher leaf P and Ca concentration was different from Napolyon and Salihli. Salihli and Sapıkısa had higher leaf K and Mn concentrations than that of Napolyon varieties. For leaf Mg concentration, Napolyon variety formed the first, Sapıkısa the second and Salihli the third group of LSD tests. Napolyon also had a higher leaf Fe concentration than Sapıkısa and Salihli. No definite similarities were found between the leaf nutrients concentration of different varieties. In the case of irrigation and leaf nutrient relations, LSD tests proved that full irrigation enhanced leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn concentration. The environmentally friendly plant protection technique-sticky yellow trap results showed that there is a significant decrease in the population of Rhagoletis cerasi L. CONCLUSION This research was carried out in Kemalpaşa province of Ege region. According to the results of analyses, manuring and irrigation applications enhanced leaf nutrient contents than that of the control. Also variety changes were effective in this point of view. Increased the leaf nutrients of the studied cherry varieties. Decreases in Rhagoletis cerasi L. population by sticky yellow traps proved its efficiency in cherry growing. REFERENCES Anonim (1998) Türkiye İstatistik Yıllığı DİE No: 2110,733s. Ankara Bergmann, W. (1986): Farbatlas, Ernährungsstörungen bei kulturpflanzen. Gustav Fischer Verlag. Jena, Stuttgart 306 s. Kacar, B. (1972) Toprak Analizleri. Bitki ve toprağın kimyasal analizleri II., A.Ü. Z.F. Yayın No. 453, Ankara. Leece, R. (1975) Diagnostic leaf analysis for stone-fruits, 5 Sweet Cherry. Jour. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb., 118-122 pp. |