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H. Bahadır Arslankurt Köy Hizmetleri Tokat Araştırma Enstitüsü Halil Kızılaslan, Nuray Kızılaslan, Kemal Esengün GOP Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım Ekonomisi Bölümü, Tokat ABSTRACT This research was conducted in 246 farms in 1997-98 production period to investigate the efficiency of irrigation organizations and of the socio-economic factors influencing the involvement of farmers to these organizations in Tokat province. The factors effecting the involvement to both irrigation cooperatives and irrigations unions were put forward in this study. Chi-square, variance analysis and t-test were used as statistical analysis methods with regard to the features of the data. Apart from these, the factors effecting the involvement to irrigations cooperatives and irrigation unions, and the factors effecting the use of these organizations were examined with an econometric approach. According to the research results, there were statistically significant differences between the irrigation cooperatives and irrigations unions with respect to the following issues; the distribution of producers according to family structures, the acceptance and application of developed agricultural technology, the level of consciousness in being organized, the level of social involvement, being visited by the extension officials, the level of involvement to the organization, being whether informed or not about organizations, information about foundation demand, involvement to the meetings held by the organizations, the level of expertise, the state of sharing irrigation cooperatives and irrigation unions, the number of parcel, the level of use of the organizations, the amount of annual sale. INTRODUCTION Until 1980s, agricultural sector has been protected and supported in Turkey as being almost in every country. Development of technology and society has changed and expanded the usage place of agricultural products and leaded to gain an international status of agricultural markets. In addition, intensive capital caused the emergence of multi-national big firms in agricultural input/output markets. On the contrary, agricultural farms which are small scale and can be affected by natural conditions continuously have been transformed to the sandwich under the pressure of big firms emerged in process after and before agricultural production (Çıkın et al., 1992). Agricultural sector has to create an organization policy to be able to reduce the pressure of big firms, reflect its bargaining power to the agricultural input/output market and prepare this circumstance. Cooperatives are the most important instrument applied successfully in developed countries in this subject. As a matter of fact, 75% of farmers Union in the EU countries are cooperatives (Çıkın, 1998). Being organized of farmers in the USA has started towards end of the 1800s to be able to protect the damage of being weak and disorganized (Torgerson, 1992). Agricultural development in the word has been achieved as isochronal to the development of cooperative movement. On the contrary, the speed of establishment of cooperatives in Turkey has developed more rapidly than cooperative idea. This has caused the living of negativiness in cooperative movement and waste of resources (Çıkın, 1992). This situation has widespread the thoughts about to education of people strictly about cooperative, spread of the concept of cooperative, making extension to help managers in the solutions of problems of cooperatives. In this study, two of agricultural organizations-irrigations cooperatives and irrigations unions have been investigated. In the research; determination of socio-economic characteristics of group being members of cooperatives and unions, of the socio-economic factors influencing the involvement (participation) of farmers to these organizations and direction of extension strategies related to these have been aimed. MATERIAL AND METHODS Original data have been used in the study. Other material used are thesis, books, periodicals. In the determination of sample size, the method proposed by Neyman has been used(Yamane,1967). Data collected by survey have been transformed to the variables by means of index and weightiness to be able to reach the aim of the research (Kızılaslan, 1997). Percentage calculations was used in the study. At the stage of the evaluation of data, for coded variables chi-square test was used to determine whether the difference among the level of participation to both cooperative and unions are statistically significant or not according to variables (Düzgüneş, 1975). In addition, Variance analysis has been used to determine whether the difference among group's means is significant or not in the situation of being more than two groups. If there is a difference, the control of Last Significance Difference (LSD) has been done to determine the source of difference emerging from which groups. Hypothesis Test About the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Pairs has been used in the test of difference among the average of two groups (Yıldız and Bircan, 1992). In addition, the factors affecting the participation to both irrigation cooperatives and irrigation unions were evaluated with an econometric approach and for this aim the method of multi-linear regression analysis used. In the significance of multi-determination coefficient F test has been done. Student-t test was used to determine whether regression coefficient is statistically significant or not. In addition, step-wise operation has been done to determine the best regression model representing the relationship between dependent and independent variables (Düzgüneş et al., 1987). DISCUSSION This study is a summary of a research. In the study, the subjects such as the socio-economic characteristics of farmers being member of both irrigation cooperatives and irrigations unions, their relations with extension staff, and the efficiency of these organizations have been investigated. The research was conducted in total 246 farms (80 farms for irrigation cooperatives and 166 farms for irrigation unions). As a result of analysis, it has been found that there was no statistically significant difference among the age of farmers who are the member of both irrigation cooperatives and irrigations unions. 7.5% of farmers being a member of irrigation cooperative are new farmer. 13.75% of whom has medium experience. The ratio of having advanced experience is 78.75%. Contrary to irrigation unions, the ratio new farmer, having medium experience and advanced experience are 6.02%, 13.86%, and 80.12%, respectively for irrigation unions. As a result of chi-square analysis done to determine whether there is a significant difference of professional experience of farmers participating to both irrigation unions, it has been found that there was no statistically difference at P<0.05 significance level. 25% of farmers being member of irrigation cooperatives and 36.14% of farmers being member of irrigation unions have democratic family type. The ratio farmers having patriarchal family type is 75% for irrigation cooperatives and 63.86% for irrigation unions. According to chi-square analysis, there was no statistically difference in terms of authority situation in the family for both irrigation cooperatives and irrigation unions. The ratio of modernist, medium modernist and traditional farmers who are member of irrigation cooperatives were 13.75%, 81.25%, and 5% respectively 32.53% of farmers who are member of irrigation union was modernist. Rest of them was medium modernist (54.82%) and traditional farmer (12.65%) among member of irrigation unions. There was statistically difference at P<0.05 significance level between irrigation cooperatives and irrigation unions in terms of acceptance and application of modern agricultural technology. Farmers who are member of irrigation unions have high level of tendency related to cooperation with each other more than those who are member of irrigation cooperatives. The farmer has 86.75% high, 6.63% medium, 6.62% low level of tendency related to cooperation. On the contrary, the latter has 70% high, 23.75% medium and 6.25% low level of tendency related to cooperation. As a result of chi-square analysis, it has been found that the difference was no statistically significant between irrigation cooperatives and irrigation unions in terms of tendency level of farmers to cooperation each other. Farmers who joined the irrigation cooperatives as member have high (51.25%), medium(43.75%), and low(5%) level of consciousness in being organization. For irrigation unions, these figures are 27.81%, 54.82%, and 18.07%, respectively. It has been determined that there were statistically significant difference between irrigation cooperatives and irrigation unions with respect to the level of consciousness in being organization. The majority (89.16%) of farmers in irrigation unions have medium level of social involvement. The ratio of farmers having high level of social involvement is less than 1%. The rest (10.24%) have low social involvement. Farmers who are member of irrigation cooperatives have high (65%), medium (32.50%) and low (2.50%) level of social involvement. As a result of chi-square analysis, it has been determined than there was statistically difference at P<0.05 significance level between irrigation unions in terms of social involvement level. The usage level of communication tools by farmers in irrigation cooperatives is 78.75% medium, 3.75% high, and 17.50% low. The ratio for irrigation unions are 72.29% medium, 24% low, and 3.61% high. The difference among groups was not statistically significant. Although 15.85% of farmers think migration from rural areas to urban areas, the rest (84.15%) of them do not want to migration. It has been determined that there was no statistically difference among groups with respect to whether farmers willing to migration from rural areas or not. In research area, 82.52% farmers in irrigation unions have high, the rest (17.48%) have medium and low living standards. There was no statistically difference at P<0.05 significance level between the irrigation cooperatives and irrigation unions with respect to farmer living standards. 46.25 % of farmers who are member of irrigation cooperatives have been visited by extension officials compared to 28.92% in irrigation unions. There was statistically difference level between irrigation unions and irrigation cooperatives in terms of being visited of farmers by extension officials. Both 45% of farmers in irrigation cooperatives and 49.40% of farmers in irrigation unions have explained that extension officials have interested in agricultural issues of the farmers. Farmers in irrigation cooperatives have 48.75% high, 47.50% medium, and 3.75% low involvement level to cooperatives. On the contrary, only 3.01% of farmers have high involvement level to unions. The rest have medium (12.65%) and low (84.34%) involvement level. Although cooperatives are willing organizations, the involvement of farmers to the unions is compulsory and controlled. There fore, the involvement level of farmers to irrigation cooperatives is higher than irrigation unions. As a result of analysis, it has been found that there was statistically difference at P<0.05 significance level between irrigation unions and irrigation cooperatives with respect to level of involvement to the organizations. 62.50% of farmers who are member of irrigation cooperatives and 92.17% of farmers who are member of irrigation unions had to idea about irrigation unions. As a result of chi-square analysis, it has been determined that the difference among groups was statistically significant. This means that irrigation cooperatives knowledge (inform) their members by extension service more efficiently than irrigation unions. In irrigation cooperatives the sources of information related to organization of farmers are their friends (23.33%), agricultural credit cooperatives and Pankobirlik (20%), their relatives (10%), television (3.33%), newspaper (3.33%), and muhtar who is a manager of village (3.33%). On the contrary, farmers who are member of irrigation unions get information from state officials (46.15%), agricultural credit cooperatives and Pankobirlik (30.77%), their friends (7.69%), television (7.69%), and muhtar (7.69%). 65% of farmers in irrigation cooperatives think that it can be good if foundation demand related to organization comes from state. The rest of them (35%) think foundation demand should come from themselves. These figures for irrigation unions are 86.75% from the farmer, 13.25% from the latter. From about information it can be concluded that irrigation unions work as an organ of government away from democratic farmer organization. In irrigation cooperatives, majority (81.25%) of farmer involve to the meetings held by the cooperatives regularly. 15 % of them attend to meetings sometimes. 2.50 % of them have not attended to the meetings so far. 1.25 % of farmers have explained that no meeting was held so far. The involvement rate of farmers to the meetings held by irrigation union is very low (7.83%), 78.31 % of farmers have explained that no meeting was held by union so far. 3.01 % of them involve to the meetings sometimes. 10.84 % of farmers do not involve to the meetings due to some reasons. As a result of chi-square analysis, it has been determined that the difference among groups was statistically significant. This situation emerges from involvement compulsory of only member of council and chief. Although farmers in irrigation unions have 36.49 da land, average land size in irrigation cooperatives is 67.06 da. Unlike irrigation unions, farmers member of irrigation cooperatives have large farm size. As a result of variance analysis done to determine whether there is a difference with respect to farm size, it has been determined that the difference among groups was statistically significant. It has been determined that 87.50 % of farmers in irrigation cooperatives and 98.20 % of farmers in irrigation unions have benefited from the organization. Average annual benefiting from organizations at the different level of involvement of farmers to the irrigation organizations has been investigated. Although farmers have different involvement, there was no significant differences at the level of benefiting of farmers in irrigations cooperatives. Unlike irrigation cooperatives, although farmers have different involvement, there was significant differences at the level of benefiting of farmers unions. LSD test has been done to determinate whether the difference among means of groups is significant or not. As a result it has been found that the difference was no statistically significant. As a result of t test, the difference between irrigation cooperatives and irrigation unions with respect to Gross Production Value and it has been found that difference was statistically significant. Nearly 95 % of farmers in both irrigation cooperatives and irrigation unions were directed to the markets. Variance analysis has been done to determine whether there is a difference among farmers member of different irrigation organizations with respect to the ratio direct to the markets. As a consequence it has been determined that there was no statistically significant difference among groups with respect to the ratio to the markets. In addition, as a result of t test the difference among means of groups was statistically significant. Socio-economic factors affecting the level of involvement to irrigation organizations have been examined as a whole with an econometric approach. It has been tried to determine the level of effects of socio-economic factors in the involvement of farmers to the organizations. In addition, it has been aimed to determine the significance level of socio economic factor as independent variable. In the research; Y is dependent and X is independent variable. Where: Y= the level of involvement to the irrigation organizations, X1 = Size of the farm (holding), X2 = Total gross production value, X3= The amount of annual sale of agricultural products, X4 = The ratio of directed to the markets, X5 = Number of the parcel, X6 = The level of benefiting from organization, X7 = Acceptance and application of developed agricultural technology, X8 = The level of tendency of cooperation, X9= The level of consciousness in being organized, X10= The level of modernization, X11= The level of social involvement, X12= The level of meclination to foreign culture, X13= The usage level of communication, X14= Living standard, X15= The ability of empathy, X16= Age of the farmers, X17= The level of expertise. The factors affecting the level of social involvement of farmers to the irrigation organizations and relationship among socio-economic factors have been determined by the method of multi-linear regression analysis. Multi-linear regression equation has been estimated for irrigation cooperatives and irrigation unions separately. Multi-linear regression equation for irrigation cooperatives is as follows: Y = 1.17 + 0.00542X1 - 0.00000001X2 + 0.00000001X3 + 0.0013X4+ 0.0109X5 + 0.00000001X6 + 0.025 X7 + 0.0652 X8 + 0.633X9 + 0.005X10 - 0.072X11 - 0.0079X12 + 0.027X13 + 0.006X14 + 0.093X15 + 0.0142X16 + 0.227X17 R2 of the above equation is 0.501. This means that 50.10 % of changes in the level of involvement to the cooperative have been explained by 17 independent variables. Fcalculated (3.61) is greater than Ftable (3.02) at 0.01 significance level. There fore, H0 is rejected. Multi determination coefficient (R2) is statistically significant. Standard error of equation (S) is 1.346. The factors, except for the level of the consciousness in being organization, were found statistically significant between 35 % and 95 % significance level although socio-economic factors are significant in the involvement of farmers to irrigation cooperatives. Step-wise operation has been done to determine the multi-linear regression equation representing the relationship between dependent variable and independent variables at least variable. As a result of step-wise following equation has been found: Y =3.708 + 0.616X9 R2 of the new equation is 0.4583. This means that 45.83 % of changes in the level of involvement to the cooperative have been explained by the changes in the level of consciousness in being organization (X9). This result shows that the level of consciousness of farmers about cooperatives is very important factor in the involvement of farmers to the cooperatives. Therefore, determination of tendency of farmers is very important to achieve efficiency in the involvement of farmers to the cooperatives. Multi-linear regression equation for irrigation unions is as follows: Y = 2.94 - 0.00552X1 - 0.00000001X2 + 0.00000001X3 + 0.00639X4 + 0.0327X5 - 0.00000001X6 - 0.0186X7 - 0.0864X8 + 0.275X9 + 0.0069X10 + 0.327X11 + 0.0164X12 - 0.0183X13 - 0.0092X14 + 0.205X15 - 0.0263X16 - 0.240X17 R2 of the above equation is 0.315. This means that 31.50 % of changes in the level of involvement to the union have been explained by 17 independent variables. Fcalculated (4.01) is greater than Ftable (2.90) at 0.01 significance level. There fore, H0 is rejected. It said that multi determination coefficient (R2) is statistically significant. Standard error of equation (S) is 1.303. Although socio-economic factors are important in the involvement of farmers to the irrigation unions, the factors, except for size of holding, the level of tendency of cooperation, the level of consciousness in being organization, social involvement, the ability of empathy, and age of farmers have been found statistically significant between 23 % and 93% significance level. As a result of step-wise following equation has been found: Y = 2.0444 + 0.266X9 + 0.193X15 + 0.0097X4 - 0.023X16 + 0.282X11 - 0.091X8 R2 of the new equation is 0.3007. This means that 30.07 % of changes in the level of involvement to the irrigation unions have been explained by the level of consciousness in being organization (X9), ability of empathy (X15), the ratio of returned to the market (X4), age of the farmers (X16), social involvement (X11), and level of tendency of cooperation X(8) These results show that socio-economic factors are very important factor in the decision making of farmers to involvement both irrigation cooperatives and irrigation unions. In the subject of organization, there is a need to determine the socio-economic characteristics of farmers in the region by using objective data. For irrigation cooperatives and irrigation unions, knowing how much effective role of farmer characteristics in the involvement of them to these organizations by extension officials can increase the success of the service. It should not be forgotten that only these factors are not important but also other factors should be taken into consideration in the involvement of farmers to these organization. Rapid rural development relate to knowledge to be transformed to the society. It is not false to say that there is an accelerator role of knowledge in the development. The rapid extending of knowledge is very easy in organized society. That is, organized society can take knowledge easy and put into practice it easily. Therefore, there is a need to complete organization to be able to achieve development in rural society. However, extension service is important before starting organization studies. Consciousness of farmers by extension officials about organization is needed in order to prevent the lose of confidence of people in the future. Before starting consciousness of people, determination of present situation of rural society and making extension services suitable to extension principles can lead to positive results. The participation of farmers is needed in all stages (e.g. planning of irrigation, investment and decision making on planning) to achieve efficiency in irrigation. In the subject of active participation of farmers to organizations, efficient organization related to the management of irrigation system should be put on the agenda. Extensionist foundations should give an importance to being organized within their own structure. In addition, the deficiency of technical equipments and knowledge of extension officials should be compensated. After this, on the one hand, the relationship between extension officials and target population should be increased. It is a condition that an extension official should know farmer unions (e.g. irrigation cooperatives, agricultural development cooperatives, and irrigation unions) as the most perfect tool to reach its own target. Because they help reaching of extension to more people successfully. Irrigation organizations particularly irrigation unions should have democratic and transparent structure. Members should not be seen as a customer. Farmers should have an associate by achieving the participation of them to the unions. They should take part in each stage of activities of unions and accept irrigation unions as their own property instead of "step son" or "a state foundation such as DSI". Policies should be formed suitable to market conditions and more realistic in respect of financial. For example, realistic price policy in irrigation water such as demanding of price according to the amount of used water should be followed. If these organizations are transformed to democratic, transparent and participatory position, irrigation unions can be a foundation not only determining the price of irrigation water but also directing agricultural input/output markets and "supporting not supported". REFERENCES Çıkın, A., (1992). "Tarım kesiminde kooperatif örgütlenme ve tarımsal kooperatifçilik politikası".2000 Yıllarına Doğru Türkiye Tarım Sempozyumu, Ankara. Çıkın, A., (1998). "Tarımda kooperatifçilik". Kooperatif Dünyası Dergisi, Yıl:28, Sayı:329, Ağustos 1998, Ankara. Düzgüneş, O., (1975). İstatistik Metodları, AÜZF, Yayın No: 578, Ankara. Düzgüneş, O., ve Ark., (1987). Araştırma ve Deneme Metodları, AÜZF Yayın No:1021, Ders Kitabı: 295, Ankara. Kızılaslan, N., (1997). "Tokat ili merkez ilçede tarımsal kalkınma kooperatiflerine katılımı etkileyen sosyo-ekonomik faktörler üzerine bir araştırma". Doktora Tezi(Yayınlanmadı), GOP Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tokat. Torgerson, R., E., (1992). İmplications of Pasific Coast Producers/Del Monte foods arrangement: a group action. Agricultural Bargaining: In a Competitive Word, 37th National and Pasific Coast Bargaining Cooperative Conference, December 3-5, Nevada, USA. Yıldız, N., H., Bircan, (1992). Uygulamalı İstatistik, III.Baskı, AÜ Yayın No:704, ZF Yayın No: 308, Ders Kitapları Seri No: 60, Erzurum. |