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H. Çoban 1, Ş. Aydın 1, B. Yağmur 2 1 Celal Bayar University, Alaşehir Vocational School, Manisa, Turkey 2 Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, İzmir, Turkey Abstract This study was carried out to determine the effects of zinc applications from soil and foliar at different levels on some quality characters of raisins (drying yield, brilliance of the color and type numbers) which revealed the market value of raisins seedless. In experiment which was conducted with four replications, zinc applications were made from soil (0-2,5-5,0-7,5 g/vine) in one time and from foliar (0-0,025-0,05-0,10%) in three times as ZnSO4H2O for both applications. It was found that zinc applications from soil and foliar caused to be significant differences for maximum drying yield, brilliance of the color and type numbers and foliar application was more effective in comparison with soil application. Introduction Turkey takes an important position in thr viniculture of the world and ranks 6th place in fresh production and 4th place in the vineyard area. The most important provinces in raisin production is in Aegean region. Raisin production, mostly for export (80%), is at the amounts to 250.000 tons annually (Anonymous, 2001) The high and quality yield which would be obtained from vineyards as it was for all the crops may be possible provided that all the nutrients were given at the time when it needed in addition to the managements. The zinc which is a micro nutrient has an important effect on the grape quality because it plays an important role in the synthesis of oxcin which is a plant growth hormone and increases the use efficiency of other nutrients. Moreover, the great number of researchers determined that zinc applications incrased the yield and quality of grape (El-Shamy ve haggah, 1987; Strakhov, 1988; Er ve ark.,1998). Material and Methods This experiment was carried out in Çakırcalı region, under farmer conditions, in 2001. 15 years aged ungrafted Vitis vinifera L. Cultivar Round seedless variety was planted as 'Y' training system. The soil structures of these vineyard are homogenously and sandy-loamly and the routine cultural processings such as soil management, fertilization and plant protection were done. The study were conducted in randomized blocks with four replications and the statistical analysis were done according to Yurtsever (Yurtsever, 1984). Zinc applications were made from soil (0-2,5-5,0-7,5 g/vine) in one time and from foliar (0-0,025-0,05-0,10 %) in three times as ZnSO4H2O for both applications. For determining the effect of zinc applications from soil and foliage on some quality characters in raisins seedless drying yield, brilliance of the color and type numbers (expertise value) were investigated (Winkler et al., 1974; Anonymous, 1983; Çoban and İlter, 1996). Two methods have been used in order to determine the color differences of the raisins seedless. In the first method, 'D 25 Hunter Color Difference Meter' device has been used. In this analysis; (L) means 'brightuess', (100) and (0) values indicate 'full white color' and 'full black color' respectively. When (a) values become (+), (-) and they indicate red, green and grey colors, respectively. Similary, as (b) values become (+), (-) and (0), they indicate yellow, blue and grey colors (Köylü and Karagözoğlu, 1995; Çoban and İlter, 1996). The second method has been determined according to Turkish Standards Institution (TS 3411) (Anonymous, 1983). Results and Discussion The effects of zinc applications from soil and foliar at different levels on some quality characters of raisins seedless (drying yield, brilliance of the color and type numbers) were given in Table 2. It was found to be significant relationships between Zn applications from soil and foliar for drying yield, brilliance of the color and type numbers. Drying yield related to amount of dry matter is one of important factors which affected the quality of raisins. Drying yield increased as dose increased with Zn applications from soil and fluctations were observed with applications from foliar. A significant difference among doses was not found by the result of statistical analysis. The doze x application interaction, however, was significant at the 0.05 probability level. The highest values in the applications from soil and foliar were 5.0 g/vine Zn at third level (21.84%) and 0.05 Zn% at third level (24.90%) respectively. The lowest values were determined in the control for both applications. These results have supported the view that Zn increased the dry matter and yield of grape (El-Shamy and Haggah, 1987; Strakhav, 1988; Er et al., 1998). The color of raisin was one of most important factors determined the quality of raisin. The relationships among the doses were found to be not significant at evaluation of color by first method considering the statistical analysis of L, a and b values. The difference between the applications from soil and foliar for L and b values was significant at the 0.05 probability level. The doze x application interaction was significant at 0.05 level. The results similar to this were found for type number and the highest values (45, 91/2) for raisins seedless's standard color values and type numbers in the application from soil were obtained from third level of Zn (5.0 g/vine). The highest values for some characteristics in the application from foliar was 73 and 101/2 at third level of Zn (0.05%). These results were in agreement with the values of standard for raisins seedless of number 3411 (Anonymous, 1983). As a result, it was determined that the Zn applications from foliar were more effective on the quality of raisins seedless than those af applications from soil. |