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Cumhur Aydınalp, Yasemin Arslan Uludag University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Bursa, Turkey Abstract The aim of this work was to classify great soil groups in the Seyhan basin according to different soil classification systems. The basin report was used which prepared by General Directorate of Soil-Water for this aim. Previously, the basin soils were classified according to old soil classification system and therefore this system is no longer in use presently. Nowadays FAO/UNESCO (1990), FitzPatrick (1988) and USDA Soil Taxonomy (1998) systems have been using in many countries as well as in Turkey. The physical, chemical and morphological features of the 17 profiles at 12 great soil groups were investigated and evaluated according to FAO/UNESCO (1990), FitzPatrick (1988) and USDA Soil Taxonomy (1998) systems in this work. This study was carried out useful information to use these data for user in Turkey and as well as in many other countries. Introduction The Seyhan basin comprises 2.7% of Turkey and area situated on southern side of country between 36° 33¢ - 39° 12¢ N longitudes and 34° 24¢ - 36° 56¢ E latitudes (Anonymous, 1974). The total area is 2.106.304 ha. The basin is surrounded by Konya, Kızılırmak, Doğu Akdeniz, Ceyhan and Fırat basins. The Seyhan basin contains Alluvial, Brown, Brown Forest, Chestnut, Colluvial, Hydromorphic Alluvial, Non Calcic Brown, Non Calcic Brown Forest, Red Mediterranean, Red Brown Mediterranean, Red Brown and Rendzina soils which were classified according to old soil classification systems (Thorp et. all. 1949). The annual precipitation in the basin varies from 350 to 1500 mm. The mean annual temperature is 13.1 °C. Agriculture is important in the plains and the highlands being used mainly for forestry in the basin. This study was carried out to classify great soil groups according to three different soil classification systems. Material and Methods The Seyhan basin report was used in this work (Anonymous, 1974). The soils were classified according to the system of FAO/UNESCO (1990), FitzPatrick (1988) and USDA Soil Taxonomy (1998). Results The selected physical and chemical properties of the soils were presented in Table 1. The equivalence of great soil groups according to FAO/UNESCO (1990), FitzPatrick (1988) and USDA Soil Taxonomy (1998) were also presented in Table 2. Alluvial soil in the profile 1 was developed on fine textured alluvial material. The soil has deep profile that was located on 150 m above mean sea level and used as irrigated land. This soil group was classified as Calcaric Fluvisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Fluvisol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Vertic Ustorthent (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Alluvial soil in the profile 2 was formed on heavy textured alluvial material. The soil has deep profile, which was located on 150 m above mean sea level and used as irrigated land. This soil group was classified as Calcaric Fluvisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Fluvisol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Vertic Ustorthent (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Hydromorphic Alluvial soil in the profile 3 was developed on fine textured alluvial material. The soil has deep profile that was located on 155 m above mean sea level and used as pasture. This soil group was classified as Salic Fluvisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Subgleysol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Typic Fluvaquent (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Brown soil in the profile 4 was formed on conglomerate mixed with gravel. The soil has moderate deep profile, which was located on 52 m above mean sea level and used for fallow land. This soil group was classified as Calcaric Cambisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Altosol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Calcixerollic Xerochrept (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Brown soil in the profile 5 was developed on soft calcareous clay deposits. The soil has moderate deep profile that was located on 1540 m above mean sea level and used as pasture. This soil group was classified as Calcaric Cambisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Altosol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Calcixerollic Xerochrept (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Brown Forest soil in the profile 6 was formed on clayey schist, residual old colluvium from marl and unconsolidated limestone. The soil has moderate deep profile, which was located on 980 m above mean sea level and used as forest. This soil group was classified as Calcaric Cambisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Altosol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Calcixerollic Xerochrept (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998).  Brown Forest soil in the profile 7 was developed on clayey and sandy deposit. The soil has moderate deep profile that was located on 230 m above mean sea level and used as shrubbery. This soil group was classified as Calcaric Cambisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Altosol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Calcixerollic Xerochrept (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Chestnut soil in the profile 8 was formed on gravely neogene deposit. The soil has moderate deep profile, which was located on 1560 m above mean sea level and used as pasture. This soil group was classified as Calcic Kastanozem (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Kastanozem (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Typic Calcixeroll (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Colluvial soil in the profile 9 was developed on clay and residual colluvium from limestone. The soil has deep profile that was located on 50 m above mean sea level and used as dry farming field. This soil group was classified as Calcaric Regosol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Fluvisol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Typic Xerorthent (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Red Mediterranean soil in the profile 10 was formed on conglomerate. The soil has moderate deep profile, which was located on 1560 m above mean sea level and used as forest. This soil group was classified as Chromic Luvisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Altosol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Typic Rhodoxeralf (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Red Brown Mediterranean soil in the profile 11 was developed on calcareous conglomerate. The soil has moderate deep profile that was located on 25 m above mean sea level and used as vegetable, olive and citrus fruit fields. This soil group was classified as Chromic Luvisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Altosol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Typic Rhodoxeralf (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Red Brown soil in the profile 12 was formed on residual colluvium from limestone. The soil has moderate deep profile, which was located on 1530 m above mean sea level and used as field. This soil group was classified as Calcaric Cambisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Altosol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Calcixerollic Xerochrept (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Non Calcic Brown soil in the profile 13 was developed on yellowish-green gravely sandy calcareous clay. The soil has moderate deep profile that was located on 1490 m above mean sea level and used as non irrigated field. This soil group was classified as Eutric Cambisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Altosol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Typic Xerochrept (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Non Calcic Brown soil in the profile 14 was formed on residue of andesite. The soil has moderate deep profile, which was located on 1560 m above mean sea level and used as pasture. This soil group was classified as Eutric Cambisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Altosol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Typic Xerochrept (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Non Calcic Brown Forest soil in the profile 15 was developed on clayey schist and residual colluvium. The soil has moderate deep profile that was located on 1240 m above mean sea level and used as forest and non irrigated field. This soil group was classified as Eutric Cambisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Altosol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Typic Xerochrept (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Non Calcic Brown Forest soil in the profile 16 was formed on greyish calcareous residual colluvium. The soil has moderate deep profile, which was located on 1280 m above mean sea level and used as dense forest. This soil group was classified as Eutric Cambisol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Altosol (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Typic Xerochrept (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Rendzina soil in the profile 17 was developed on residue of limestone. The soil has shallow profile that was located on 240 m above mean sea level and used as shrubbery. This soil group was classified as Rendzic Leptosol (FAO/UNESCO, 1990), Rendzina (FitzPatrick, 1988) and Typic Calcixeroll (USDA Soil Taxonomy, 1998). Conclusion Many soil types were developed in the basin according to different parent materials and geomorphological surfaces. The main differences were occurred according to different climate zone where the soils developed. The climate was the dominant soil formation factor which caused many differences at each soil type. The work was obtained different user to understand and evaluate all data easily which were classified according to three different soil classification systems of great soil groups in the Seyhan basin, Turkey. References . Anonymous., 1974. Seyhan havzası toprakları. Toprak Su Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları : 286, Raporlar Serisi: 70, Ankara. . Dinç, U., Şenol, S., Kapur, S., Cangir, C. & Atalay, İ., 1999. Türkiye toprakları. Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi, Genel Yayın No: 51, Ders Kitapları Yayın No. A-12, Adana. . FAO/UNESCO., 1990. Soil map of the world, revised legend, World Soil Resources Report 60. . FitzPatrick, E.A., 1988. Soil horizon designation and classification. International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC). Wageningen, The Netherlands. . Thorp, J. & Smith, G. D., 1949. Higher categories of soil classifications: Order, suborder, and great soil group, Soil Sci 67: 117-126. . USDA., 1998. Soil taxonomy: Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Sixth Edition. |