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Levent ATATANIR, Eren ÖZTEKİN, Mahmut DİNGİL, Ural DİNÇ, Suat ŞENOL The University of Çukurova Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Adana, Turkey Abstract In this research, three soil profiles developed on Miocene aged gypsum parent material in the Mesaoria plain has been studied in order to investigate their important properties and formation. The soil samples were obtained from each profile on horizon basis. Physical, chemical and mineralogical properties were determined in the laboratory. The results of analyses and field observations of these profiles had been classified as Inceptisol and Entisol according to Soil Taxonomy and as Leptosol and Gypsisol according to FAO/UNESCO. Introduction Soil that composed of mineral and organic materials and living forms in which plants grow is a dynamic natural body. The properties of soil vary from place to place, but this variation is not random. Natural soil bodies are the result of climate and living organisms acting on parent material with topography and with time required for soil forming processes. In addition, according to Simonson (1959) after some soil forming processes, there are additions to soil, losses from soil, translocation and transformations within the soils have characterized. Whenever soil forming factors are the same, it is logical to expect that the soils developed will be alike, regardless of their location on the earth's surface. Similarly, soils separated by only a short distance can be quite different if one of these factors is different. This regularity permits prediction of the location of many different kinds of soil. The nature of the soil parent material has an important influence on soil characteristics. The degree of influence of the parent material on soil properties depends on the type of parent material and the developmental age of soil. The present study was conducted to investigate important properties and formation of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus soils formed on the Miocene gypsum parent material. Material and Methods Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) is situated in the north-eastern of the Mediterranean sea and located west of Syria and south of Turkey. The climate of the region is a typical Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and warm, rainy winters. The mean annual minimum and maximum temperature is 10,5°C in January and 27,6 °C in July and August, respectively. The total annual precipitation ranges approximately 310 mm. According to data obtained from 26 different stations in study area, the average annual relative humidity is 65% (Tarım İstatistikleri, 1998). Cyprus island is separated into three main regions in terms of geologic-stratigraphical extension by Constantinou (1995), Yetiş et al (1995) and MTA (1998). These regions are : 1)Troodos Mountains which situated in central part of island generally consist of magmatic rocks. 2) Girne Mountains which parallel extended to coast in the north usually consist of Mesozoic rocks. 3) Mesaoria plain which usually consists of Neogen oldest Kuaterner deposits are situated between Troodos and Girne Mountains and extend from western Güzelyurt to eastern Gazimagusa gulf. Sediments of rock salt, anhydrite and gypsum determined in the base of Mediterranean have indicated excessive evaporation in desert conditions (Cita, 1982., Öğrünç et al., 1999). These formations have meant that Mediterranean had dried and area located between Turkey and Nil delta changed to wide deserts and salt lakes (Hsu et al., 1978). Especially, parent materyal with Miocene limy precipitated in conditions of shallow and hot sea include high amount of gypsum. Gypsums were commenly encountered with crystals, foliated (laminae) and mixing (not pure) forms. Although gypsum is very soluble salt, due to the fact that it was not leaching from profile, it has seen that in this part of Cyprus island climate conditions has not changed too much since Holocen age. According to detailed soil survey study and the existing maps and reports, three different soil profiles which formed on gypsum parent material were identified and sampled (Dinç et al, 2000). According to the genetic horizon principle; physical, chemical and mineralogical properties were determined in soils samples taken from each profile. The texture analysis were done according to the hydrometer method (Bouyoucos, 1951); CaCO3 % with the Scheibler Calcimeter (Schlichting and Blume, 1966); Organik Matter (O.M.) according to Allison (1965); Cation Exchangeable Capacity (CEC), Exchangeable Cations (EC), available K+, pH, total soluble salts by method of the U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954); available P according to Olsen et al. (1954) and Gypsum mineralogy analyses in an X-Ray difractometer (Jackson, 1979) using by disturbed soil samples. Morphological properties of the soil profiles in the field were determined according to the Soil Survey Staff (1993) and FAO (1977). Results and Discussion Interpretation of the Morphological, Physical, Chemical and Mineralogical Characteristics of the Soil Profiles The horizon orders of the profiles in study area were defined to be A-C form (Table 1). Kalecik series has no diagnostic horizon other than an ochric epipedon. In addition pedogenic processes is obstructed by severe erosion. Altınova and Nalbantoğlu series show moderate pedogenic development, more than the Kalecik series. These series have a gypsic horizon. The profile colors are 10YR in the upper strata and in the lower strata two of the profıles as 2.5Y according to Munsell soil color charts. These color characteristics of the soils are also supported by the high gypsum content. The structure of the soils is mainly to be of granular on the surface and masive on the subhorizons. The texture of Kalecik series is sandy loam throughout the profile. The other series are composed predominantly of clay, loam and clay loam. All of the profiles except Kalecik are high in carbonates. Boundaries between horizons are usually wavy gradual.  According to the results of chemical and physical analysis (Table 2) due to the prevailing climatic conditions, in all the profiles organic matter contents was low or very low (0.23-1.71%). The Cation Exchangeable Capacity (CEC) of the soils was determined to be low and varied between 5.8 to 31.9 mol kg-1. In general the CEC is higher in the surface horizons and decreases with the depth gradually. Excangable cations consist of mostly Ca+2+Mg+2 and the values also decrease with the depth. Available potassium contents of soils in the all layers are sufficient and vary from 205 to 936 mg kg-1 and phosporus contents was low. Soil pH is slightly (7.4 to 7.8) alkaline throughout the profiles. There is no salinity or alkalinity problem in the profiles. According to EC values, all series are slightly saline. Contents of CaCO3 range from 2.2% to 50% and decrease with depth throughout the profiles. The parent material of soil are rich in gypsum. In respect of mineralogical analysis, contents of gypsum change from 32% to 91% (Figure 1). Kalecik series contain approximately 40% proportion of gypsum rock in soil surface.  Soil Classification The soils are classified according to the criteria proposed by Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff, 1999) and FAO/UNESCO (1990) based on morphological and physico chemical characteristics (Table 3). According to the meteorological data, the research area has Xeric soil moisture regime and Thermic soil temperature regime.  Conclusions Conclusions to be derived from this study as follow;
2. These three soil series have high level of gypsum. However there is no problem for plant growth in terms of soluble gypsum toxicity. 3. Due to the hydrometer method used to determine soil texture (Table 2) results could not be compared with the field observations because of high gypsum contents of soils.  References . Allison, L.E., 1965. Organic carbon in Methods of Soil Analysis (C.A. Black ed.) Amer. Soc. Agron. Mon. 9., Madison Wis. . Bouyoucos, G.J. 1951. A Recalibration of the Hydrometer Methods for Making Mechanical Analysis of Soils. Agronomy Journal, 43; 434-438. . Cita, M.B., 1982. The Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean. A review. In: H. Berckhemer and K. Hsu (Editors). Alpine-Mediterranean Geodynamics. AM. Geophys Union. Geodyn Ser., 7:113-140. . Constantinou, G., 1995. Geological Map Of Cyprus (1/250.000). Geological Survey Department. Cyprus. . Dinç, U., Derici, M.R., Şenol, S., Kapur, S., Dingil, M., Dinç, A.O., Öztekin, E., Sarıyev, A., Torun, B., Başayiğit, L., Kaya, Z., Gök, M., Akça, E., Çelik, İ., Ortaş, İ., Çullu, M.A., Güzel, N., İbrikçi, H., Çakmak, İ., Peştamalcı, V., Çakmak, Ö., Karaman, C., Özbek, H., Kılıç, Ş., Sakarya, N., Çolak, A.K., Onaç, I., Yeğingil, İ., Gülüt, K.Y., Atatanır, L., Öztürk, L., Büyük, G., Coşkan, A. & Müjdeci, M., 2000. Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Detaylı Toprak Etüd ve Haritalama Projesi. Cilt 1. Lefkoşe-Kıbrıs. 648 p. . FAO, 1977. A Framework for Land Evaluation. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement/ILRI. Publucation 22. Wageningen, The Netherlands 87 p. . FAO/UNESCO, 1990. Soil Map of the World. World Soil Resources Report 60. FAO. Roma. . Hsu, K., Montadert, L. & Bernoulli, D., 1978. History of the Mediterranean salinity crisis. Init. Rep. DSDP, 42A (1): 1053-1078. . Jackson, M.L., 1979. Soil Chemical Analyses-Advanced Course, 2nd Ed. Published by the author. Univ. of Wisconsin. Madison, ABD. . MTA, 1998. Kıbrıs'ın Jeolojisi. MTA Raporları. . Olsen, S. R., Cole, C.V., Vatanabe, F.S. & Dean, L.A. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Cir. No: 939, p. 19, Washington D.C. . Öğrünç, G., Gürbüz, K. & Nazik, A., 1999. Adana Baseni Üst Miyosen-Pliyosen istifinde "Messiniyen Tuzluluk Krizine" Ait Bulgular. H.Ü. Yerbilimleri Dergisi. V 22. . Schlichting, E. & Blume, E., 1966. Bodenkundliches Practicum. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg. . Simonson, R.W., 1959. Outline of a Generalized Theory of Soil Genesis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 23: 152-156. . Soil Survey Staff, 1993. Soil Survey Manual, United States Department of Agriculture, Handbook No. 18. . Soil Survey Staff, 1999. Soil Taxonomy. Nineth Edition. USDA Washington D.C. . Tarım İstatistikleri, 1998. Tarımsal Yapı ve Üretim 1975-1995. KKTC Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, İstatistik ve Planlama Şubesi. . U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Agriculture Handbook No: 60. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington D.C. USA. . Yetiş, C., Kelling, G. & Baroz, H., 1995. A revised stratigraphic framework for later Cenozoic sequences in the NE Mediterranean Region. Geol. Rundscahu. 794-812. |