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Mehmet Parlak 1, Mustafa Çanga 1, Zeki Alagöz 2 1 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey 2 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey Abstract The physical, chemical, biological and mineralogical analyses were carried out on the very pale brownish color material that precipitated on 13th April 2000 in Antalya. It was determined that this material compared with previous studies has some differences in terms of physical, chemical and mineralogical. The meteorological data and results of the analysis showed that these materials most probably transported from North Africa. Introduction Many authors have contributed to the understanding of dust transport from the Sahara to the surrounding lands (Bennett 1980, Goudie 1984, Kubilay et al. 1997, McTainish 1985, Moulin et al. 1997, Muhs et al. 1990, Schuetz and Rahn 1982, Yaalon and Ganor 1973). It is well known that every year millions of tons of fine material leave the Sahara towards all directions. Yaalon (1987) has recognized three different forms of transport. First is, the global long distance transport of mainly medium and fine silt fraction. The medium distance transport of 50-200 km of material less than 100 µm in diameter, in general, produces the desert fringes as well as the per glacial loess. Short distance transport is reported in periglacial environments and includes saltation transport of sand size particles. In our country the first detection about this subject was made by Akalan (1957) because of the dust storm around and in Ankara on April 16, 1957. Later Mermut et al. (1980) made the first mineralogical and chemical analysis on the yellowish colored mud that rained in Ankara on April 16, 1976. In this research the records of Turkish State Meteorological Service have been examined and it has been determined that this material came from Africa and it was rich in loess like kaolinite minerals. It has been proved that when Sahara originated dusts are put in cultured environment in certain conditions an extraordinary amount of fungi colonies appear and it has been detected by satellite images that the dust from Sahara spreads over Anatolia in different dates (Saydam and Şenyuva, 2000; Şenyuva, 2001). In the studies which were made in order to determine the origin of the Red Mediterranean Soil which is very common in the Mediterranean Region in Turkey, (Karaman and Kapur, 1991; Altunbaş and Sarı, 1998) it was determined that other than the effect level of the parent material, the North African originated dust which is carried out by winds is also effective. This study is carried out in order to find out the physical, mineralogical, chemical and biological features and the origin of the soil which was collected after the rainfall in Antalya on April 13, 2000 and to compare this to the material that rained in Ankara on April 16, 1976 (Mermut et.al. 1980) and to the materials that rained in Adana at different dates (Karaman et.al. 1996). Later on, with detailed studies on the dust that fall with rain, it will be possible to say what kind of effects this has on the farming lands and on the environment. Material and Method The material that is used in this study is collected from the mud that fell with rainfall on April 13, 2000. The mud has been collected in the best way possible and it has been collected especially from bottom corners of cars' windows and from open metallic surfaces. The collected material was about 50 grams and the below analyses were made on the sample. To provide more samples we consulted the Turkish State Meteorological Service. However, because the rain gages of this institute were mixed with the material from the previous rainfalls we were not able to use them. The color is determined according to the Munsell Soil Color Charts on the air dried material. Particle size distribution is determined by wet-sieving and centrifuge methods (Gee and Rauder, 1986). CaCO3 % analysis is determined by Nelson method (1982), organic matter (%) is made by modified version of Walkley-Black method (Nelson and Sommers, 1982), total fungi and yeast amount is determined by Parkinson method (1982) in dextrose-peptone agar. From the mineralogical analyses fine sand fraction is (0.053- 0.105mm) analyzed with polarizing microscope and composition percentages are set by mineral counting method (Erkan, 1994). The mineralogical compositions of clay sized particles are determined by the help of XRD (x-ray diffraction technique) (Jackson 1979; Whitting and Allardice, 1986). Total analyses are made by using the x-ray fluorescence (XRF) machine (Jones, 1982). Findings and Discussion The total analyses results for the collected material made by wet-sieving and particle size distribution analyses by centrifuge methods are given below (Table 2). The total analyses results show that Al2O3 and Fe2O3 rates are high in the material. High Al2O3 rate (10.80%) shows that there could be clay minerals in the material. However, high Fe2O3 rate (6.30%) is reflected in the color of the material. The Ca, Mg and K rates of the material are higher than regular soils (Table 1).  97.24% of the particle size of the material is composed of clay-silt sized particles (T 2).  From the fine sand fraction of the material a thin section is made and percentage mineral composition is counted by eye on a polarizing microscope given in T 3.  The components that make up the sample are: Mica group minerals: Mainly phlogopite, and very little amount of biotite. Phlogopite is plate like and is seen plenty in the shape of wheat ears. Carbonate group minerals: Mainly calcite and very little dolomite is possibly seen and because the sample is made up of clay sized particles it is not completed with optical methods and mineral percentages are given as carbonate minerals. Crystal particles: Very little clinopyroxene, clinoamphibole and almost none zircon minerals are present. Becoming silicification, argillaceous and chloritization are the incidents of weathering of minerals that can be seen. Opaque and/or opaqued minerals: It is 3.70% in the material. In all the mineral analyses made by XRD technique the dominant mineral was quartz and calcite, dolomite and feldspar followed respectively. XRD results support the results obtained for the polarizing microscope. Together with these, in the material there was smectite, kaolinite, illite, chlorite, chlorite+smectite mixed layered clay minerals were found (Figure 1).  The dominant clay mineral found among the clay minerals is smectite and kaolinite, illite, and chlorite followed respectively.  Some of the chemical and biological features of the material are given in Table 5.  The CaCO3 %, organic matter % and total fungi and yeast amount of the material is 21.94, 1.85, 40x102 / g, 180x103 g, respectively (Table 5). Color of the material (dried) is very pale brownish (10 YR 7/4) (Table 4). Being a Mediterranean country, mud rain incidents are one of the atmospheric incidents which are seen from time to time in Turkey especially in the southern and western regions. These incidents especially occur when a cyclone center happens in or comes to North Africa which has a coast to Mediterranean Sea and this follows its route to middle and eastern Mediterranean to our country. Cyclone center gains humidity during the time it passes Mediterranean. They sometimes create orographic, frontal or air mass rainfalls in our southern and western coasts. When the winds are strong on North Africa this causes the dust particles to be carried to the atmosphere and following the system the falling rain leaves yellow stains on things on the ground. According to the moving path and the speed of the North African originated system, it is possible to think that such incidents can occur in our southern regions in about 24-48 hours. On April 12, 2000 the strong winds and dust particles seen on Egypt and Libya reached our southwestern coasts on April 13, 2000 with a cyclone center with the center value of 1400Mb. Together with the rain that the system caused a mud rain has occurred around Antalya region (T.S.M.S. 2000) Comparing the Materials of Antalya with Ankara and Adana The total analyses results of Antalya show that although Fe2O3 rate is higher than Adana (3.70%) lower than Ankara samples (8.09%), Al2O3 rate of Antalya is both higher than Adana (9.80%) and Ankara samples (7.41%) (T 1). Antalya's material's clay and silt sized particles are more than both Ankara's material (80.20%) and Adana's material (94.90%) (T 2). The fine sand fraction of all three materials had all different minerals and weathered minerals were 69.45% in Antalya sample, 46.20% in Ankara sample and 27% in Adana sample (T 3). In the previously made two studies while the dominant clay mineral was kaolinite, in Antalya smectite was the dominant clay mineral and kaolinite, illite and chlorite followed respectively. The lime content of Ankara and Adana (28.02% and 22.02% respectively) are higher than Antalya samples (T 5). The organic matter and the total fungi and yeast amounts were not determined in the previous studies. Because the material is poor in organic matter, the total fungi and yeast number is low and the particle sizes composed of clay-silt and are large enough to be carried out by winds, there is a great possibility that the material is originated from North Africa. However, the fungi number of the dust sample from Antalya is in contrast with the occasion that Saydam and Şenyuva pointed out in an article in 2000. The data of the analyses are in harmony with the studies of Yaalon (1987), Muhs et.al. (1990), Altunbaş and Sarı (1998), Karaman and Kapur (1991), Kubilay et.al. (1997), Yaalon and Ganor (1973) and Bennett (1980). Conclusion Although Antalya dust material showed some differences form Ankara and Adana dust materials, the colors, particle sizes, chemical analyses results, advanced mineralogical decomposition and meteorological data supports the thesis that they are carried out from North Africa by winds. Acknowledgements We would like to thank to Mr. Mehmet Yayvan, the Analyses and Forecast Chief Section of Turkish State Meteorological Service for his help on the evaluation of the meteorological data during the execution of this study. References . Akalan, İ. 1957. Airborne Soils (Caused by the dust storm on April 16, 1957). Journal of the Agriculture, Publication No: 158, pp. 8-12. Ankara ( in Turkish). . Altunbaş, S., Sarı, M., 1998. Determination of relationships between the parent material and soil on the red mediterranean soil. M.Şefik Yeşilsoy International Symposium on Arid Region Soils. Menemen-İzmir-Turkey. 363-369.Bennett, J.G., 1980. Aeolian deposition and soil parent material in northern Nigeria. Geoderma, 24, 241-256. . Turkish State Meteorological Service, 2000. Weather forecast deparment's daily meteorological bulletin of the year 2000. Ankara (in Turkish). . Erkan, Y., 1994. Microscopic analysis of important minerals that form the rocks. Chamber of Geological Engineeers of Turkey. Publication No: 42, 405 p. (in Turkish). . Gee, G.W., Bauder, J.W., 1986. Particle size analysis. p. 383-411.In A. Klute et al. (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin USA. . Goudie, A.S. 1984. Dust storms in space and time. Progress in Physical Geography, 7, 502-530. . Jackson, M.L., 1979. Soil chemical analysis. Advanced Course. 2 nd ed. M.L.Jackson, Madison, Wisconsin USA. . Jones, A.A., 1982. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. p.85-122. In A.L. Page et al (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin USA. . Karaman, C., Akça, E., Kapur,S., 1996. The properties of the dust materials reached though precipitation in Adana and their compression with the materials in Ankara on originwise, Journal of the Faculty Agriculture, University Çukurova, 10 (3): 1-8, Adana. . Karaman, C. and Kapur, S. 1991. Affect of the parent material on formation of the autochtonous terrarossas in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Mahmut Sayın Clay Minerals Symposium.University of Çukurova Faculty of Agriculture Department of Soil Science. pp 26-37. Adana. . Kubilay, N., Saydam, A.C., Yemenicioğlu, S., Kelling, G., Kapur, S., Karaman, C., Akça, E., 1997. Seasonal chemical and mineralogical variability of atmospheric particles in the coastal region of the Northest Mediterranean.Catena, Vol, 28. 3-4. 313-328. . McTainish, G.1985. Dust processes in Australia and West Africa:A comparison. Search 16:104-106. . Mermut, A., Cangir, C., Kapur, S., 1980. A study on the origin and properties of the wind-blown African dust in Ankara. Mineral Research and Prospection Inst. 91, pp. 109-116. (in Turkish). . Moulin, C., Lambert, C.E., Dulac, F., Dayan, U.,1997. Control of atmospheric export of dust from North Africa by the North Oscillation. Nature, 387, 691-694. . Muhs, D.R., Bush, C.A., Stewart, K.C., Rowland, T.R., Crittenden, R.C., 1990. Geochemical evidence of Saharan dust parent material for soils developed on Quaternary limestones of Caribbean and Western Atlantic Island. Quaternary Research Letters, 33, 157-177. . Nelson, R.E., 1982. Carbonate and Gypsum. p. 182-191. In A.L. Page et al (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin USA. . Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E., 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. p. 574-576. In A.L.Page et al (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin USA. . Parkinson, D., 1982. 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