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Refik Uyanöz, Ümmühan Çetin, Mehmet Zengin, Kemal Gür Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Konya, Turkey Abstract In this research, the effects of various organic residues on nitrogen mineralization and organic C content of the soil were investigated. For this purpose, mushroom and garbage composts, cattle and chicken manures and municipal sludge were used as organic wastes. This study was conducted as a pot experiment under laboratory conditions with a sandy clay loam soil. The organic wastes (0, 3 and 6 ton/da) were added into each pot and were incubated at 28 oC for 45 days. The soils were watered at 70 % of the field capacity. In the soil samples, NH4-N, NO3-N and C/N rate were measured after 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 32 and 45 days of the incubation period. According to the results, maximum nitrogen mineralization value was determined after 12 days of the incubation period in the soil treated with garbage compost. On the other hand, mushroom compost, farm manure, chicken manure and sludge gave the high nitrogen mineralization values after 35 days of incubation. The soil organic carbon content showed fluctuations in relation to C/N rates of added organic residues. In addition, the effects of the organic residues on the fluctuations in the nitrogen mineralization and organic C contents of the soil were found to be significant (p < 0.05). Introduction Soil is a complex system composed of organic and inorganic matters and where plants are growing and micro-macro organisms are living. Organic matter in the soil contains died biological matters and 10-15 % vegetable and animal micro organisms. Organic matter includes some plant nutrition such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In addition, it is used as biological manure and improves the properties of soil. Some organic materials like municipal sludge prevent environment pollution and as well as supply some plant nutrition (Kacar, 1984; Güzel, 1985; Gür, 1987; Zengin et al., 1999). Organic matter is added into the soil to minimize the nitrogen lost in soil by means of leaching and denitrification and as well as to improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Organic material addition into the soil is done by applications of barnyard manure, compost, various organic wastes and green fertilisers (Akalan, 1983). The aim of this work was to determine the effects of different organic wastes on nitrogen mineralization and organic carbon contents of a soil under the laboratory conditions. Material and Methods This study was conducted with a sandy clay loam soil taken from (0-20 cm depth) the research area of Agricultural Faculty of Selcuk University. Soil samples were sieved to pass 2 mm mesh, and mixed homogenously. Some physical and chemical properties of the soil were given in Table 1. The soil was characterized as sandy clay loam texture with a high pH (8.20). Organic matter and calcium carbonate contents of the soil were 0.53 % and 25.67 %, respectively.  Garbage compost (GC), mushroom compost (MC), cattle manure (CM), chicken manure (CNM) and municipal sludge (MS) were used as the organic wastes in this research. Some properties of the organic wastes used are given in Table 2. The soil properties that were determined are as follows: texture (Bouyoucos, 1951), field capacity (Demiralay, 1977), pH and EC (Richard, 1954), CaCO3 % (Hızalan and Ünal, 1966), Total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen (Bremner, 1965), available phosphorus (Olsen et. al., 1954), organic matter (Smith and Weldon, 1941), potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium (Bayraklı, 1987). The statistical analyses of the data were performed by MINITAB 12.1 computer packet program (Anonymous, 1985) and Duncan Test was realised (Düzgüneş et al., 1987). This research was planned and conducted according to the factorial experimental design of '1X5X3X3: soilXorganic wasteXdoseXreplication' with 45 pots. Organic wastes were applied at the levels of 0, 3 and 6 t da-1 into the pots containing 500 g of oven dry soil. Then, the soil samples were at watered 70 % of the field capacity and incubated at 28 oC for 45 days. The soil water content was kept steady during the incubation period. Nitrogen mineralization rates and organic carbon contents were determined at the periods of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 32 and 45 days of the experiment.  Results and Discussions Effect of Organic Wastes on Mineral Nitrogen Contents of the Soil The effects of organic wastes on the nitrogen mineralization rate showed significant fluctuations depending upon the incubation period (P< 0.05). The highest mineralization value (488.00 ppm) was determined with the municipal sludge and it was followed by the cattle manure (352.60 ppm), chicken manure (351.80 ppm) mushroom compost (330.20 ppm) and garbage compost (144.50 ppm), respectively (Table 3). In addition, it was found that there was positive correlation (P< 0.05) between the rate of nitrogen mineralization at the amounts of the organic wastes added. On the other hand, although the amounts of nitrogen mineralized decreased at the intervals of 8 and 16 days temporarily, then it carried on to increase for the rest of the incubation periods. The highest levels of the nitrogen mineralized with the addition of the garbage compost was achieved at the end of the 12 days of the incubation period whereas it was accomplished with the amendments of mushroom compost, cattle and chicken manure and municipal sludge at the 35 days of the incubation. Effect of Organic Wastes on C/N Ratio of the Soil The effects of organic wastes on C/N ratio of soil were found significant statistically (P< 0.05) in all of the incubation periods. In addition, the effect of garbage compost increased until 8. day but decreased at 12. day, and then increased until end of the incubation period. Some of the other organic wastes (mushroom compost, cattle manure, chicken manure and municipal sludge) increased but some of the others decreased C/N ratio of the soil. This increasing and decreasing changed depends upon the duration's incubation period. The highest (i.e. 59.14) effect on C/N ratio, among the organic wastes, was accomplished with garbage compost. Then it was followed by the mushroom compost (36.30), chicken manure (31.90), cattle manure (31.80) and municipal sludge (28.08), respectively (Table 4).  The effects of organic wastes' 'kindXlevels' interaction on C/N ratio was found significant statistically (P< 0.05) at all the incubation period. The C/N ratio increased as the levels of the organic wastes increased, too. The highest value was determined with the municipal of chicken manure (3 t da-1) at the 8. day of incubation period. Furthermore, it was found that organic carbon content of the soil showed fluctuations with the changes in the C/N ratio of the organic wastes added into the soil. On the other hand, C/N ratio of soil changed depending on kinds of organic wastes. The municipal sludge has showed the highest effect on C/N ratio, while garbage compost had showed the lowest effect on C/N ratio. Mineralization rates of organic wastes added into the soil and amount of the released inorganic nitrogen amount were found to be inter related with C/N ratios of the organic wastes. When the C/N ratio of the organic wastes were high, mineralization process took longer time, whereas the C/N ratio of the organic wastes were low, mineralization took place in shorter times. The amount of mineral nitrogen released into the soil is higher as the mineralization process is realised in short time (Akalan, 1983; Gür, 1987; Zengin et al., 1999). In this work, it was found that there was a negative and significant correlation between the rate of nitrogen mineralization rates and the C/N ratios of the organic wastes added into the soil samples (Table 2).  According to the results, the effect of municipal sludge amendment upon the nitrogen mineralization was found to be higher than that of the other organic wastes used whereas the garbage compost had the lower effects upon the nitrogen mineralization. The same pat way was accomplished also for the interactions between C/N ratio and the nitrogen mineralization in the soil samples. References . Akalan, 1983. Soil Science (in Turkish). A.Ü. Ziraat. Fak. Yay. No: 1058, Ders Kitabı No: 309, Ankara. . Anonymous, 1985. Minitab Reference Manual (Release 7.1). Minitab Inc., State Coll. PA 16801, USA. . Bayraklı, 1987. Soil and Plant Analysis (in Turkish). OMÜ Ziraat Fak. Yay. No: 17, Samsun, 199 s. . Bremner, J.M., 1965. Total Nitrogen. In Methods of Soil Analysis 2 (c.a. Black, Ed). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wis., 1145-1178. . Bouyoucos, G.D., 1951. A Re Calibration of The Hydrometer Method for Making Mechanical Analysis of The Soil, Agron. J., 43, 434-438. . Çetin, 2001. A Research upon the Usability of the Wastes to the Agricultural Soils (in Turkish) S.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Toprak Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Yayınlanmamış), Konya. . Demiralay, İ., 1977. Practical Soil Physics (in Turkish). A.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Yayınları, Erzurum. . Düzgüneş, O. Kesici, T., Kavuncu, O. & Gürbüz, F., 1987. Investigation and Experiment Methods, (Statistic Methods-II) (in Turkish); A.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Y. No: 1021, Ankara, 220 pp. . Gür, K., 1987. Fundamentals of Environmental Pollution (in Turkish). S.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Toprak Böl., Konya. . Güzel, N., 1985. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers (in Turkish). Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Yay. No:168, Ders Kitabı No :13, Adana. . Hızalan, E. & Ünal, H., 1966. Important Chemical Analysis of the Soils (in Turkish). A.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Yay. No: 278, Yardımcı Ders Kitabı No: 97, A.Ü. Basımevi, Ankara. . Kacar, B., 1984. Plant Feeding (in Turkish). Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fak. Yayınları:899 Ders Kitabı:250, Ankara. . Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanebe, F.S. & Dean, L.A., 1954. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. US. Dept. of Agric. Cric. 939. . Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Salina and Alkali Soils. Dept. of Agriculture, No: 60, USA. . Smith, H.W. & Weldon, M.D., 1941. A Comparison of Some Methods for the Determination of Soil Organic Matter. Soils Sci. Soc. Amer., Proc., 5: 177-182. . Zengin, M., Şeker, C. & Uyanöz, R., 1999. Effects of Some Organic Fertilizers Together with the Urea on the Nitrogen Mineralization and C/N Ratios of the Soil Samples Amended With the Stable Mulch of Wheat Plant. (in Turkish with the English Summary). S.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Dergisi, 13 (20), 1-9. |