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Necat AĞCA, Mehmet AYDIN, Suphi ASLAN, Şeref KILIÇ Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Antakya, Turkey Abstract In this study, the effects of compost on some physical and chemical properties of soils cropped with wheat/tomato were investigated. Compost applied to soil was produced from the municipal organic garbage of Antakya (Turkey), bay leaves, and barnyard manure mixture in a ratio of 7.5:1.5: 1.0, respectively. Field studies were carried out under Amik plain conditions during 1998-2000. In these experiments, the traditional chemical fertilizer applications; 20, 40, 60, 80 tons/ha compost; 80 tons/ha barnyard manure and control treatments were compared in wheat and tomato plots. The Experimental design was performed as randomized blocks with three replications. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from two different depths (0-10 and 10-20 cm) of the plots treated with 40 and 80 tons/ha compost, 80 tons/ha barnyard manure, and control. Our results of the three-year- experiment revealed that porosity, available water, soluble salts, and organic matter content increased with the application of compost, while the dry bulk densities and pH values of the studied soils decreased. Introduction Solid waste is a major threat to the sustainable utilization of natural resources and a threat to natural scenery (Basnet, 1993). Composting municipal solid waste is becoming increasingly recognized as a viable and economical method for waste management in both the Europe and the USA. Composting has advantages over landfilling and incineration because of lower operational costs, less environmental pollution, and beneficial use of the end product (He et al., 1992). Many research (Bazzoffi et al., 1998; Wong et al., 1999; Aggelides and Londra, 2000) showed that the application of compost affected positively the physical and chemical properties of the soils. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of compost produced from town solid wastes on physical and chemical properties of soils cropped with wheat/tomato. Materials and Methods Compost applied to soil was produced from the municipal organic garbage of Antakya (Turkey), bay leaves (Laurus nobilis), and barnyard manure mixture in a ratio of 7.5:1.5: 1.0, respectively. Some properties of compost used in this study were presented, and the quality of compost produced was found applicable to agricultural and horticultural use by Aydın et al. (2000). Field studies were carried out under Amik plain conditions during 1998-2000. In these experiments, the traditional chemical fertilizers (160 kg N/ha and 105 kg N/ha for wheat and tomato plots, respectively; and 80 kg P2O5/ha for both crops); 20, 40, 60, 80 tons/ha compost; 80 tons/ha barnyard manure, and control treatments were compared in wheat and tomato plots. The Experimental design was performed as randomized blocks with three replications. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from two different depths (0-10 and 10-20 cm) of the wheat and tomato plots treated with 40 and 80 tons/ha compost, 80 tons/ha barnyard manure and control. Soil samples were analyzed for texture (Bouyoucos, 1951), dry bulk density (Yetilsoy and Güzelit, 1966), porosity (Yetilsoy et al., 1993), available water content (Klute, 1986), total soluble salts, pH (Richards, 1954), lime (Allison and Moode, 1965) and organic matter (Schlichting and Blume, 1966). Results and Discussion Some properties of the soils Wheat plot soils had medium-fine (SiCL) and fine (C) texture, slightly alkaline pH, low organic matter and salt content. Dry bulk density, total porosity and CaCO3 values of these soils were in a range of 1.35-1.41 g/cm3, 49.5-51.3% and 18.9-67.7%, respectively. Tomato plot soils were medium textured (SCL). Soil pH was slightly alkaline. Organic matter and salt contents were low. Dry bulk density, total porosity and CaCO3 values changed between 1.39-1.48 g/cm3, 45.1-45.6%, and 0.5-0.8%, respectively. The effects of compost and barnyard manure applications on properties of the soils The effects of compost and barnyard manure on some physical and chemical properties of soils cropped with wheat and tomato were presented Table 1 and 2. Dry bulk density values decreased gradually in the upper layers of the soils with the applications of compost in both wheat and tomato plots. Similar trend was also observed in barnyard manure plots, compared to the control (Table 1 and 2). The greatest decreases in the bulk density values were observed in the 80 tons/ha compost-applied wheat plots, and also 80 tons/ha barnyard manure-treated tomato plots. The change in dry bulk density was very pronounced in the both layers, compared to the control. Total porosity values, especially for the 0-10 cm layer, increased with increasing amount of compost and banryard manure applied in both wheat and tomato plots. The highest amount of compost and barnyard manure applications resulted in a 2-3% net increase in total porosity values. While the application of compost did not affect macroporosity values, the application of barnyard manure increased also macroporosity.  This situation might be resulted from the drastic effect of barnyard manure on soil structure. In comparsion with the control, the application of the compost and barnyard manure to the soils increased microporosity (field capacity) values in tomato plots with medium texture (SCL). However, the similar effects were not determined in wheat plots with fine-textured soils. The results obtained from this study are in agreement with the literature data (Nakaya and Motomura, 1984; Pagliai and Guidi, 1985; Hanay, 1991). In soils with medium texture (tomato plots), wilting point values partly increased with increasing compost amount. But, these increases could not be determined clearly in the soils with heavy texture. A similar trend was also observed in the barnyard manure plots. As reported by Ward and Elliot (1995), the factors affecting changes in field capacity and wilting point may be different. Available water content increased with increasing amount of compost and barnyard manure in the soils of tomato plot. In some years, the application of 80 tons/ha compost increased available water values by 3% in the tomato plots, compared with the control. However, this effect was not clear in the soils with heavy texture (wheat plots).  In the soils of compost and banryard manure plots, especially for the 0-10 cm layer, pH values decreased slightly, compared to the control. The decreases in the pH values matched well with the higher amount of compost applications. Similarly, Guidi and Hall (1984) observed that the application of various organic materials decreased pH values since organic and inorganic acids formed when organic matter decomposed in the soil. Due to higher salt content of the compost used in this research than experimental soils, the compost and barnyard manure treatments increased slightly the total soluble salts content of the soils, except for the 0-10 cm layer of the tomato plot soils in the year 2000. In spite of a slight increase in the soluble salt content of the soils in the three-year-period, the use of the compost during a long period may increase considerably salt content of the soils. Organic matter content of the compost and barnyard manure-treated soils increased highly at the two depths in comparison with the control. However, in the compost plots, soil organic matter content were higher than that of the compost material in 1999. This situation may be resulted from compounds that can be oxidized in the compost. Another reason may be that the compost could not be applied to the soil homogeneously. In all the similar studies, soil organic matter content increased first with the application of various organic materials, but then decreased (Hanay, 1991). References . Aggelides, S.M. & Londra, P.A., 2000. Effects of Compost Produced from Town Wastes and Swage Sludge on the Physical Properties of a Loamy and a Clay Soil. Bioresource Technology. 71:3, pp. 253-259. . Allison, L.E. & Moode, C.D., 1965. Carbonate. (Ed. C.A Black), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Agronomy Series. No: 9. American Society of Agronomy, Wisconsin, pp.1379-1396. . Aydın, M., Şener, O. Sermenli, T., Özkan, A., Aslan, S., Ağca, N., Doğan, K., Tiryakioğlu, M., Mavi, K. & Kılıç, Ş., 2000. Use of Composted Municipal Solid Wastes to Improve Soil Properties and to Increase Crop Yield. Proceedings of International Symposium on Desertification (13-17 June 2000, Konya/Turkey). pp. 329-332. . Basnet, K., 1993. Solid Waste Pollution Versus Sustainable Development in High Mountain Environment: A Case Study of Sagarmatha National Park of Khumbu Region, Nepal. Contributions to Nepalese Studies. pp. 131-139. . Bazzoffi, P., Pellegrini, S., Rocchini, A., Morandi, M. & Grasselli, O., 1998. The Effect of Urban Refuse Compost and Different Tractors Tyres on Soil Physical Properties, Soil Erosion and Maize Yield. Soil and Tillage Research. 48: 4, pp.275-286. . Bouyoucos, G.J., 1951. A Recalibration of the Hydrometer Method for Making Mechanical Analysis of Soil. Agronomy Journal, 43, pp. 434-438. . Guidi, G. & Hall, J.E., 1984. Effects of Sewage Sludge on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils. 3th International Symposium on Processing and Use of Sewage Sludge, Bringhton, UK. . Hanay, A., 1991. Çöp Kompostu ve Ahır Gübresinin Toprakların Bazı Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Özellikleri ile Toprak-Su İlişkilerine Etkileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Kültür Teknik Bölümü. Doktora Tezi, Erzurum, 135 S. . He, X.T. & Traina, S.J., Logan, T.J., 1992. Chemical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste Composts. Journal Environ. Qual. 21 (3), 318-329. . Klute, A., 1986. Water Retention: Laboratory Methods. In: C.A. Black (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Agr. Mongr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison W 1., pp. 635-662. . Nakaya, N. & Motomura, S., 1984. Effects of Organic and Mineral Fertilization on Soil Organic Matter. Organic Matter and Rice. International Rice Research, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, pp. 387-398. . Pagliai, M. & Guidi, G., 1985. Surface Crusts and Soil Management in Different Types of Soils. Proceedings of the Symosium Held in Ghent, Belgium. pp. 363-366. . Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. U.S.D.A. Handbook No:60. . Schlichting, M. & Blume, E,. 1966. Bodenkundliches practicum. Verlag paul pary, Hamburg und Berlin. . Ward, A.D. & Elliot, W.J., 1995. Environmental Hydrology. CRC. Lewis Publishers. New York. Chapter:3, pp. 81-85. . Wong, J.W.C., Ma, K.K., Fang, K.M. & Cheung, C., 1999. Utilization of a Manure Compost for Organic Farming in Hong Kong. Bioresource Technology. 67: 1, pp. 43-46. . Yeşilsoy, M.Ş. & Güzeliş, L., 1966. Toprakta Özgül Ağırlık ve Hacim Ağırlığı Tayin Metodları. Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Yayınları, sayı:15. Ankara. . Yeşilsoy, M.Ş., Aydın, M., Çolak, A.K. & Kaplankıran, M., 1993. Turunçgil Bahçelerinde Yeşil Gübre Uygulamalarının Toprağın Bazı Özelliklerine Etkileri. Doğa Tr.J. Agriculture and Forestry. 17, s. 61-75. |