Effect of Organic Fertilization on Fig Leaf Nutrients and Fruit Quality


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Effect of Organic Fertilization on Fig Leaf Nutrients and Fruit Quality

N.Mordoğan ¹, H. Hakerlerler ¹, Ş.Ceylan ², Ş.Aydin ³, B.Yağmur ¹, U.Aksoy ⁴

¹ Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Soil Science, Izmir, Turkey
² Ege University Ödemiş Technical College, Izmir, Turkey
³ Celal Bayar University,Alaşehir Technical College,45600 Alaşehir-Manisa/Turkey
⁴ Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture Science, Izmir, Turkey

Abstract

Organic fig orchards located in Ödemiş-Birgi-İrimağzı (Izmir/Turkey) were fertilized by various mixtures of farmyard manure composed of different levels of cow and sheep manure. The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1. The effect of applied mixtures on primary and secondary nutrient contents of the leaf lamina were not significant.
2. The tested variables had marked effects on Ca and Zn contents of the leaf petiole.
3. The farmyard manure applications affected the Fe content of the fruit peduncle and pulp.
4. The organic fertilization enhanced vegetative growth and affected shoot length, width and number of nodi per shoot.
5. The fresh fruit quality parameters as the minimum and maximum fruit diameter, fruit length, neck length, ostiole width and fruit volume were affected by the tested variables.
6. The organic fertilizers created significant effects on dry matter content of the fresh fruit. An increase was observed in the fruit fructose, a and b-glucose contents however the increase in the sugar content was not statistically significant.

Introduction

Organic fig production started in Turkey in 1984-85 and showed an increasing trend paralel to the demand. The acreage of organic fig orchards reached to 3851 hectars in 1999 (Aksoy, 2001). The organic production was 16.1 % of the total and the exportation was 5.8 % in the same year. In the western part of Turkey, studies on nutrition of the fig tree cultivar Sarılop (=Calimyrna) started with the determination of the seasonal variation of leaf nutrients and then after the research work was concentrated on surveying the nutritional status of orchards in the Big and Small Meander Valleys (Aksoy et al., 1987 a; Aksoy et al., 1987 b;Anaç et al.,1987a;Anaç et al.,1987b;Eryüce et al.,1987;Aşkın et al.,1998). Further studies on mineral nutrition of fig trees were carried out in Turkey (Eryüce et al., 1996;İrget et al.,1999;Hakerlerler et al.,1999) however no studies were performed with organic fertilizers till to date. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of various levels of sheep and cow manure mixtures on yield and fruit quality.

Material and Methods

The trial was set up in an organic fig orchard located in Birgi-İrimağzı of Ödemiş destrict. The soil samples taken from two depths revealed that the experimental soil is slightly asidic, sandy loam in texture and poor in humus content (Table 1). The C/N ratios of the tested cow and sheep manure were 17.6 and 15.5 respectively. The chemical composition of the farmyard manure is displayed in Table 2. The cow and sheep manure were mixed at two different ratios: 1:1 (v:v) and 2:1 and applied as 10 or 20 kg of air dried mixture per tree. The amounts given were 11 kg fresh cow manure + 17 kg of fresh sheep manure per 10 kg of air dried mixture of 1:1 ratio. For 2:1 mixture ratio, 10 kg of dried fertilizer was equivalent to 14.5 kg of fresh cow manure and 11 kg of sheep manure. The experiment was designed as randomized blocks with 5 replications of 5 variables including the control. Farmyard manure was applied on March 4, 1999. Soil samples taken at 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm depths were analyzed for physical and chemical properties following the international methodology (Kacar,1972)(Table 1). The sheep and cow manure were analyzed according to Kacar (1990)(Table 2). Leaf samples were taken at the onset of fruit ripening period in August 1999 (Kabasakal, 1983) and the fruit samples were picked during the harvest period. The leaf samples were separated as the lamina and petiole and the fruit samples were separated as peduncle and pulp. The total N was analyzed by Kjeldahl method and total phosphorous was analyzed colorimetrically. The samples were wet ashed and K, Ca and Na were determined by flame photometry and Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn by atomic absorbtion spectrometry (Kacar, 1972). The sugar fractions in dried fruit samples were determined by gas chromatography (Neubeller and Buchloch, 1975). The vegetative growth of the trees were assessed by measuring the shoot length, width and number of nodi per shoot in February 2000. Fruit quality parameters were determined, as well. The collected data was analysed by using TARİST program (Açıkgöz et al.,1993).

Results and Discussion

Effects on plant nutrients : The tested levels of cow and sheep manure mixtures did not have important effects on primary nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) of the leaf lamina (Table 3). The effects on secondary nutrients were also non-significant. The amount of N, Fe, Zn and Cu were evaluated as low according to the relevant studies (Aksoy et al., 1987 a; Aksoy et al., 1987 b;Anaç et al., 1987a;Anaç et al., 1987b; Eryüce et al.,1987; Aşkın et al.,1998). The leaf petiole nutrients were not affected by the applied organic manure except Ca and Zn. The petiolar Ca was effected by the tested levels at 5 % level. The Zn content of the petiole was significantly correlated (5 %) by the level of application and ratio of the mixtures. The comparison of petiolar Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu levels with those previously found showed a state of deficiency (Aksoy et al., 1987a; Hakerlerler et al., 1997). The fruit peduncle and pulp nutritional status was not effeted by the applied manure except Fe (Table 4). Higher values of N, P, Fe, Zn and Cu were determined in the pulp than the peducle. The peduncle tissue had higher Ca and Na levels however K, Mg and Mn levels were similar. Akyüz and Aksoy (1992) state that the Fe and Cu contents were advanced towards the fruit maturation period compared to the other secondary nutrients.

Effects on tree vigour : The shoot growth quantified as shoot length, width and number of nodi per shoot is an important parameter that determines the number of fruits per shoot and thus affecting productivity. As could be seen in Table 5, applied farmyard manure exerted significant effects on shoot length (5 %) and the number of nodi per shoot (1%). The interaction between shoot width and level and ratio of the mixture was important at 1 % level and the thickest shoots were obtained at 20 kg application of 2:1 ratio of cow and sheep manure per tree. This parameter was found to be correlated with the plant nutrients namely N and Ca content of the leaf lamina and petiole (Aksoy et al., 1987b).

Effect on some physical quality parameters of fresh fruits : Fruit dimensions were increased with the applied manures, minimum fruit diameter being affected at 5 % level whereas fruit neck length, volume, and ostiole width at 1 % levels. (Table 5). The amount of application and the ratio of the mixture were effected at 1 and 5 % levels. The fruit length was increased with the applied mixtures and the highest value was obtained with the application of 20 kg per tree of 2:1 mixture. Average fruit weight and the shape (fruit index) were not affected. The physical quality parameters were in general positively effected by the applications (Aksoy et al., 1987b;Anaç et al,1987a).

Effect on some chemical quality parameters of fresh fruits : The total soluble solids were increased with the applications (5 % level) however no impact was observed on pH and titratable acidity levels (Table 5) . The values obtained in the researchwork were in accordance with the values cited in the relevant literature (Aksoy, 1981; Aksoy et al., 1987b;Anaç et al,1987a). The sugar content was analyzed in dried fruit samples and the effect of the applied manure levels and mixtures were not statistically significant. As could be seen in Table 6, increases compared to the contol were found in fructose, the dominant and the sweetest mono saccharide and a and b-glucose. This aspect is supported by the marked increases in the total soluble solids in which sugars comprise the largest percentage. The levels obtained were similar to the previous findings (Hakerlerler et al., 1998;Hakerlerler et al.,1999).

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