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İlhan KIZILGÖZ Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Harran, ŞANLIURFA Abstract In the future, with the prevalence of irrigation and effects of other factors; problems such as using drainage waters for agricultural treatments, salinization (because of over irrigation), extinguish of harvest disposal, storage areas of solid disposals, unproposal land using, cultivation of unsuitable areas, use of chemical fertilizers, fragmentation of land additionally, soil erosion will be emerged or increased in the GAP Region. There can be negative effects of soil pollution on GAP region's sources. These effects may be arranged under 2 main topics. One of them is effects on environmental and health the other one is the problems in the structure of community and its balance due to the soil pollution in the GAP region. For solutions of present or possible soil pollution problems in GAP Region, main factors like legal precautions and educational support; besides, secondary factors like biodiversity (growing new plant types), meadow and forestry studies should be done. Introduction Plants are must be present for the existence of ecosystems. Humans and animals can live only using of plants for their life. Soil is not only a source of nutrition but also a place for the plants to stand. Nitrification and amonification reactions occurred in soil have important roles for the plants, since plants can only use the nitrogen converted to nitrate resulted from these reactions. The term soil means that it is a natural habitat which has three dimensions including air, water, organic and inorganic matters and the biological living organisms (Brady, 1990). It is indicated at least 1000 years required for the creation of only 5 cm of otockton soils (Akalan, 1989). It is clear that it will take hundreds of years to regenerate the lost soil from the ground surface. Soils can be renewed for a long time, but they might be affected less from the pollution compared to water or air. This condition is due to the bumper structure of soils. But, cleaning of polluted soils is more difficult and complex than water and air (Haktanır, 1987). Soils can move to other areas as a result of natural or artificial occurrences. The little soil movements are called natural erosion. This kind of erosion occurred without human effects. But, there can be significant soil movement with artificial erosion. Human effects are dominant at this kind of soil erosion. Indeed, this types of soil erosion can be seen with naked eyes. Nowadays, main soil loses are because of human activities in the worldwide. Soil pollution occurred by human activities are expressed with the effects of; 1. air pollution 2. water pollution 3. heavy metals 4. solid disposals (rubbish) 5. erosion 6. energy production 7. agricultural activities 8. other human activities, such as expendituring of harvest disposal, war or improper land use misuse of soils (Kaptan and Kızılgöz, 1998). Status of Soil Resources in the Gap Region Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) region has 8 different cities which are Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Kilis, Mardin, Şırnak, Gaziantep, Siirt and Batman with the total area of 73863 km2 (10 % of Turkey's total area). The population of the region is around 7.2 million. According to the projections, total of 32 billion USD will be spend for the GAP. Till now, around 13 bilion USD was used for the project. The soils in GAP region can be classified into 8 different land qualities. The quality classifications of the soils in the region is given in Table 1.  According to Table 1, it is clear that, 33.4 % of soils in GAP region is suitable (I-III class soil), 8.9 % is limited suitable (IV class) and 54.2 % is unsuitable (V-VIII class) for cultivation. Considering the total arable land area (26500000 ha) (Ocaklı, 1991), we can express that 15.0 % of the total arable land of Turkey is present in the GAP region. Turkey has total of 19.0 million ha suitable for cultivation. According to this figure GAP region contains 12.9 % of the total cultivatable soils of Turkey. Geographically, GAP region is spread a wide area. The comparisons of the regions area with some countries in the world, are given in Table 2.  It is clear from the Table 2 that, the amount of land area per person in the GAP Region is better than the indicated countries. Present and Possible Soil Pollution Problems of the Gap Region Today, we can consider the air, water and soil pollutions of the GAP region as environmental problems among there water and the soil pollutions are the most important. Due to the increasing irrigation investments, some major and big scale soil pollution problems may be emerged or increased in the region. These are given below;
· Salinization, because of over irrigation · Extinguish of harvest disposals · Storage areas of solid disposals (rubbish) · Improper land use · Cultivation of unsuitable areas · Use of chemical fertilizers · Fragmentations of land · Soil erosion 1. Effects on environmental and health in GAP region
· Increase in microbial disease concerning body resistance · Increase in health problems due to heavy metals · Increase in fire and explosions depending on metan (CH4) or similar gases · Covering of topsoils with sediments resulted from especially water erosion · Destruction of environmental appearance depending on the degree of soil pollution · Decrease in the forest and meadow area · Increase in poisonous gases such as NH3 and CH4 · Decrease of water holding capacity of soils · Decrease in quality and quantities of plant production · Dicrease in biological diversity and theirs activities · Increase in soil loses (erosion) · Decrease of plant nutritients in the soil · Decrease in storial capacity and ıts volume of water, such as lake, dam, sea or recreasion areas · Restriction of soil microorganism and enyzme activities · Increase in the amount of unplesant smells on soil · Restriction of arable land · Decrease of oxygen content in the atmosphere because of burning all kinds of disposal materials · Start of acid rain resulted from air pollution and moisture · Increase in radiation on soil · Increase in physiological problems on mainly human bodies
· Increase in work accident · Increase in energy requirements · Decrease in amount of picnic area · Increase in loses of time and income · Increase in unemployment · Increase in inside or/and outside migration · Other financial loses and disrupts of infrastructure because of road construction, phone or electric supply In the near future, soil pollution problems could be increased significantly in the GAP Region soils because of over population in some cities mainly inward migration, low education, and other factors. The below are some suggestions to solve or reduce the effects of soil pollution problems in the GAP region.
2. Around 70 % of the soils are exposed to intensity or the most intensity erosion. Soils have generally 10-20 % forest in the Region while 0.42 % in Şanlıurfa (Çağlar, 1995). Furthermore, almost there are no real meadow areas in the region, especially in Şanlıurfa. To solve this problem, which are indicated above meadow, forest, and fruit production areas should be established in the region. 3. Increase in population rate is above in the region (about 3 % each year) is more than the increase rate of Turkey. For this reason, construction will be increased significantly due to the increase in wealth of people for the new and collosal city or industry foundation necessary laws and governing statu such as Environmental Impact Assessment (1993) or Improper Use of Arable Land (1998) must be applied to limit the soil pollution. 4. Basic problems of the rural areas, like education and health should be solved to reduce or stop the migration in the GAP Region. 5. All the main private and public sector representatives including universities, should be arranged under an organization and taking their opinions about the solutions before it is applied. 6. Crop pattern designed for the Region before must be applied. 7. Land consalidation must be applied before starting the irrigation due to the fragmentation and unsuitable shape for irrigation (Kızılgöz, 1997; Kızılgöz, 1998a; Kızılgöz, 1998b; Kızılgöz, 1999). . Brady, N.C., 1990. The Nature and Properties of Soils (10. Ed.). MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. NewYork. ISBN. 0-02-313361-9 . Akalan, İ., 1989. Toprak ve Su Muhafaza. AÜZF Toprak Bölümü Yayını Ankara . Haktanır, K., 1987. Çevre Kirliliği. AÜZF Ders Notu No: 140 Ankara . Kaptan, H., Kızılgöz, İ., 2002. Çevre Kirliliği. HR. Ü. Ziraat Fak. Ders Notu (II. Basım) No: 9 Şanlıurfa . Yücel, E., 1991. 1980-1990 Türkiye Tarımı Sempozyumu. ZMO Yayını Ankara . Ocaklı, H., 1991. 1980-1990 Türkiye Tarımı Sempozyumu. ZMO Yayını Ankara . Çağlar, Y., 1995. Esnaf ve Sanatkarlar İçin Türkiye Çevre Sorunları Atlası. Çevre Bilgi Merkezi Yayını. No: 4 Ankara . Kızılgöz, İ., 1997. GAP Alanı'nda Arazi Toplulaştırma Projelerinin Gerekliliği ve Sağlayacağı Faydalar. HR. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, Şanlıurfa . Kızılgöz, İ., 1998-a. Existing Situation of Land Consolidation Project in Sanlıurfa and Harran Plains. HR. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3 Şanlıurfa . Kızılgöz, İ., 1998-b. Şanlıurfa ve Harran Ovalarında Gerçekleştirilen Arazi Toplulaştırma Projeleri ile Arazi Parçalılığı Konusunda Sağlanan Gelişmeler HR. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4 Şanlıurfa . Kızılgöz, İ., 1999. GAP Bölgesinde Yapılacak Arazi Toplulaştırma Projelerinde Görülmesi Muhtemel Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri. GAP Bölgesindeki Arazi Toplulaştırma Çalışmaları ve Sorunları Sempozyumu. HR.Ü. Mühendislik Fakültesi Şanlıurfa (in press) |