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Hasan ÖZCAN 1 , Ziya ÇOŞKUN 2 1 University of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Çanakkale, Turkey. 2 The Sixth Regional Directorate of State Hydroulic Works, Planning Section, Adana, Turkey Abstract The labour usage of the rural area in farm and/or off-farm, farm size and their effects on land use types (LUT) were determined for the mono and multi-active farms in the three water user associations (WUA) in the Yüreğir plain irrigation area within Lower Seyhan Plain.Results showed that labour usage was about 25% in mono-active farm and no remarkable changes was observed with farm sizes, but increased from 32% to 41% in multi-active farms with farm sizes. Labour usage per ha was the highest in the area less than 10 ha for all mono and multi-active farms. Cross production value per ha was the highest in the area less than 10 ha in mono-active farm and it can be cleary said that the mono-active farm uses the land more efficiently if the farm size is small. LUTs and plantation ratio varied with farm sizes and significant relation was found at the 95% probability level between crop plantation ratio and farm sizes. The variance test showed that the changes in variances of LUTs of mono and multi-active farms significant at the level of 5%. Introduction A remarkable increase in agricultural productivity can be supported by using natural resources suitable on their potential. The main factors that care for increasing yield in agriculture, are to improve soil and water resources. There is no possibility to increase the agricultural area in Turkey due to population pressure. According to DIE (1996), the agricultural area was 27662000 ha in 1975 and 26986000 ha in 1996, the population was 40347719 in 1975 and 65311000 in 2000. Further more; agricultural sectors have not been develop in considered level, the reverse development occurred owing to misuse (Özcan, 1998). The structural problems in agricultural sector prevents desired developments. Farm sizes and number of plots are main structural problems in Turkey. The ratio of active member of family in agricultural to total member of family from 1980 to 1991 decreased 91% to 86%, respectively. Average farm size was 7.7 ha in 1950, 5.91 ha in 1991 and 62% of farms have less than sizes of 5 ha, 80% of farms have sizes of less than 10 ha area (Demirer, 1997). Increased population makes pressure to decrease farm sizes and to increase plots. Income obtained from small farms can not be sufficient to afford the needs of the farm family member and some of the members of the family should work outside of the farm. It is evidently that a farm has mono-active or multi-active affects on cropping patterns, usage of agricultural inputs, farm area and labour productivity. The history of multi-active farming had extended to 1950 (CIHEAM, 1991). Yurdakul and Akdemir (1989) searched the affection of multi-activate on farming systems which selected from Cukurova Region. Erkan (1987) reported that a small sized farm used the land most efficiently. In the study, the labour usage of the rural area of farm and/or off-farm, farm size, number of the plots and their effects on land use types (LUT) are determined for the mono and multi-active farms in the three water user associations (WUA) in the Yuregir plain irrigation area within Cukurova Region. Material and Methods This study was carried out in the selected three WUA area named Guney Yuregir, Kadikoy and Gokova which have the same soil and topographic properties, irrigation and drainage infrastructure and communication conditions, in Yuregir plain within Cukurova Region (Figure 1). The area has two towns, 42 villages and 4 sub-districts. The average farm size distribution of Karatas and Yuregir towns on the census of 1990 was given in Table 1.  The farming systems of mono and multi-active farms, farm sizes and present LUTs of three WUA in the year of 2000 were used as a basic materials. The study was carried out in two stages (Figure 2). Sample farms were identified by consulting the teacher, engineers and headmen of the villages. It was sampled aimly; so the homogenous data collection was done as it was described by Bowen and Starr, (1987). Total 120 questionnaire studies were performed for mono and multi-active farms in 30 villages out of 120 villages in the area. Farms were divided into two groups: mono-active farms which use all available labour in agriculture and multi-active farms which use some part of family labour in agriculture and some other part in non-agricultural fields. The labour usage in off-farm must be permanent therefore seasonal and temporary works have not been considered. Questionnaire results were evaluated in excell program. The F-test was used to test hypothesis which states that two samples were drawn from the populations having an equal variances, through following Davis (1986). Data were subjected to correlation and regression analyses by using SPSS software (SPSS, 1988).   Results and Discussions The soils The soils in the study area consist of mainly three physiographic units (Dinç et al., 1990). These are bottomland soils (Arikli-Entic Chromoxererts; Arpaci-Aquic Xerofluvent and Mursel-Fluventic Xerochept series), river terrace soils (Canakci and Oymakli series-Typic Xerofluvent) and delta soils (Gemisure series-typic Chromoxerert). Arikli, Arpaci and Gemisure series have heavy clay texture with massive structure and show large variability in terms of permeability depending on the high clay content. Mursel series has a medium, Canakci and Oymakli series have light to medium texture with high permeability. The mediterranean climate prevails within annual precipitation of 772 mm/year. From a topographic perspective the area is flat with 0.5-2.0% slope. Water User Associations The area formated from three WUA named Güney Yüreğir, Gökova and Kadıköy in the Yüreğir Plain within Lower seyhan Plain. These WUA were constructed in 1994-1995. The irrigation area of WUA are 16890 ha, 4289 ha and 9808 ha, respectively. Total investigation area is 30987 ha. Table 2 shows some of data and Figure 3 illustrates LUTs of WUA in the year of 2000.  As it is seen in Figure 3, corn was the most dominant LUT in Güney Yüreğir and Kadıköy WUA. Its plantation was over 50%; and it was followed by cereals, cotton and citrus. Table 2 illustrated that the land in Güney Yüreğir WUA has more parts and smaller than others. The farms in this WUA have five plots but, the others have about 2-2.5 plots. Questionnaire results The following parameters were evaluated for both mono and multi-active farms. These were;  As it is shown in the Table 3, labour usage per ha is greater in the area less than 10 ha and decreased with farm size. Owned land is over 50%, number of plots increased with farm size and the other parameters are approximately close to each other in mono and multi-active farms. Labour usage efficiency was 25% in mono-active farm and total was 36% in multi-active farms. (Figure 4). LUTs in mono and multi-active farms LUTs for mono and multi-active farms were given in Figure 5. As it is seen in Figure 5 (mono), corn was the major crop and it was followed by wheat/corn alternation, cereals and watermelon. Corn, wheat/corn alternation and cereals increased with the farm size while others were decreasing. In multi-active farms; corn was again major crop and it was followed by cereals, wheat/corn alternation and citrus. Corn and wheat increased with farm size. When crop pattern and plantation ratio was compared the land use efficiency in the multi-active farm was less than those in mono-active farm (Figure 5).    Statistical analysis The change in variances of LUTs of mono and multi-active farms were tested. Test results showed that the changes in variances of all farm sized groups were significant at the 5% level (Table 4). Analysis of correlation was performed between farm sizes and labour usage, and between farm sizes and LUTs (Table 5 and 6). The relationship between crop plantation ratio and farm sizes were found varying as regards LUTs in mono and multi active farms. The relationship in cereals was 0.69 in mono and 0.96 in multi active farm and showed that cereal plantation significantly increased with farm size in multi-active farms. Citrus, vegetables, legume, cotton and watermelon were found taking negative and statisticaly significant at the level of 5%.  Conclusions The following results can be concluded from this study: - An average labour usage for all farm sizes was about 25% in mono-active farm and 36% in multi-active farm - Labour usage efficiency (labour usage per ha) increased with decreasing farm size. - Cross production value per ha was the highest in the farm size group less than 10 ha. - Mono-active farms used the land most efficiently. - The relationship between farm sizes and crop plantation ratio were positive for cereals, corn, wheat/corn alternation and negative for cotton, legume, watermelon, vegetables and citrus for both mono and multi active farms (except wheat/corn alternation in the multi-active farm). References . Anonymus, 1991. Adana İl Yıllığı. Adana Valiliği. Adana. . Anonymus, 1996. Goverment Istatistics Institute, Agricultural Istatistics, Ankara, Turkey. . Bowen, E.K., Starr, M.K., 1987. Basic statistics for Business and Economics. International student Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company 4th Printing. 730p. ISBN0-07-Y66188-X. . Ciheam, 1991. Pluriactivite et Revenus Exterieurs Dans les Agricultures Mediterraneennes. Options Mediterraneennes, Seri B: Etudes et Recherches, No:5, Montpellier. . Davis, J.C., 1986. Statistic and Data Analysis in Geology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY. 646p. . Demirel, Z., 1997. Arazi toplulaştırmasına Genel Yaklaşım. TMMOB, Arazi Toplulaştırma Paneli. Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası Adana Şubesi,. Adana. . Dinç et al., 1990. Çukurova Region Soils. University of Çukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Publication No: 26, Adana, Turkey. . Erkan, O., 1987. Adana ve İçel İllerinde Tarımsal İşletme Büyüklüğü-Verim İlişkileri. Tarım Orman ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı. . Özcan, H., 1998. Assessment of Land use Potential by Land Evaluation in Çukurova Region, Turkey. International Symposium on arid Region Soil. 21-24 sept. 1998, Menemen, İzmir-Turkey. . SPSS, 1988. SPSS/PC+V.9.0. Base Manuel for the IBM PC/XT/AT and PS/2, Marija and Moruis. SPSS Inc. . Yurdakul, O., Ş. Akdemir, 1989. L'Effect de la Pluriactivite des Exploitants sur le Systeme de Production Agricole Dans la Region de Çukurova-Turquie. Communication Presentee a L'Atelier-Seminaire du RAFAC, Belgrade. |