 |  |
| Bildiri Özetleri | |
| Ana Sayfaya Dönüş |
| Back To The Main List |
|
Hasan ÖZCAN 1, Mahmut ÇETİN 2, Fatma Özkan ÖZCAN 3 1 University of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Çanakkale, Turkey 2 University of Çukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture Engineering, Adana, Turkey 3 University of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart, Çanakkale, Turkey Abstract The purpose of this study was; firstly to examine the land use type changes which occured during the period from 1996 to 2000 based on the area of Water User Associations (WUA) and secondly to determine factors which affect this change. This study was carried out in seventeen WUAs in Lower Seyhan Plain Irrigation Project Area, Turkey. The archive data of land use types (LUT) and their plantation ratio of seventeen WUAs between 1996 and 2000 were used. The data for consecutive five years of WUA were grouped by clustering from 5 to 10 and the best result was obtained from the clustering system containing eight groups. The clustering results were transfered to a Geographical Information System (GIS-Arc View 3.0) for output on group and group changes. Two WUAs namely Toroslar and Çotlu showed an independence behaviour for all years due to different soil and specially topographical properties. Grouping results obtained from Tarsus plain were different from those of Yüreğir plain. This could be attributed on farmer behaviour such as habititiy and neighbourship. The grouping results showed that the main effect interms of the factors affecting on the change of LUTs was soil and topographic properties, and was followed by habits and neighbour's behaviour. The last factors were the parsel sizes, number of plot, the distance from water resources, main road and urban area. Introduction There is a growing awareness that water will be one of the most critical natural resources in the next century. In many parts of the world it became apparent that bureaucracies, with staff trained as administrators, were not best suited for management tasks. Various approaches have been made to hand over the management of irrigation projects and even of larger water resources development entities to organisations of the users or closer to the users (Tekinel and Doorenbos, 1997). Water for irrigation carries a high value and has an appreciable cost. Therefore, the irrigation project has begun to transfer users. To establish of Water User Associations (WUA) were accelerated over the last ten years in Turkey. Besides irrigation scheme and transfer, improvement of the agricultural product is related to use of agricultural area in a well design land use planning or managing system. Water and soil are essential for land use. Knowledge of soil and water conditions is indispensable for the understanding of past and present land use as well as for prediction of future uses. Differences in soils and their ability to produce crops have been recognized world over since ancient times. The capability of a land to grow plants and to produce crops depends both on physical factors (climate, soil, physiography,..etc.) and on the socio-economic context (availability and skill of manpower, technology, management, land tenure, market conditions, etc.) (Bennett, 1976; Alig, 1986; Fortmann and Kusel, 1990; Turner et al., 1991; Sys et al., 1991). Physical, cultural and socio-economical factors and environmental characteristics generally determine the type of farming done. Özcan and Gümüş (2000) investigated the some socio-cultural factors affect on determinig land use type. They stated that soil, topography, market conditions, distance to big settlement were more effective than socio-cultural factors in the Tarsus Plain, Turkey. Concurrently, in many cases, the type of farming systems determined by the variety of socio-economic situations is also very variable. So, insufficient and non-detailed knowledge of natural resources, we can easily misuse natural resources. This situation is one of the most important reason for land degradation and inappropriate land use. Statistics, data bases, geographic information processing are well known computer applications in land evaluation and testing land use efficiency. The objectives of this paper are; first to examine and monitor the land use type (LUT) changes which occured during the period from 1996 to 2000 based on the area of eighteen Water User Associations (WUA) in the Lower Seyhan Irrigation Project Area within Çukurova Region, Turkey and second to determine factors which affect this change Material and Methods This study was carried out in Lower Seyhan Irrigation Project Area within Çukurova Region in Turkey. The area of Çukurova was chosen as a suitable pilot area for the development of such a monitoring system and land use change analysis. The geology, soils and water resources of the area have been studied during the last five decades. The social and economic structure, and the land use history are also known from previous studies and archive data. The land use change in the area is so dynamic, that was expected that there would be sufficient changes within five years. Area description: The study area lies between 36°30¢ and 37°00¢ northern latitude and covers 120 000 ha irrigation area. River of Seyhan divides the area in two plains which are Yuregir (YP) in left side has 10 WUAs and Tarsus (TP) in right side has 8 WUAs that founded between 1994 and 1995 (Figure 1). The area has a typical mediterranean climate and the soils can be grouped into five geomorphic units (Dinc et al., 1990). The archive data of 18 WUAs from 1996 to 2000, topographic maps scaled 1/25000 and irrigation schemes of WUAs were used in the study as a basic materyal. Data collection The LUTs of each WUAs for consecutive 5 years, from 1996 to 2000, were taken from archive data of 18 WUAs.  Data analysis A map showing WUAs was overlaying on the topographic maps and was recorded in the digital form by scanning. This scanned map was digitised by screen digitisation to form a digital data based analysis, which will serve LUTs change analysis. Investigation of 5 years Archive data, 23 different LUTs were distinguished and 10 of them which have largely planted and more economical priority were used to cluster in the monitoring and evaluation of LUTs change. These data were grouped by clustering from 5 to 10 by using SPSS software (SPSS, 1988). Clustering was based on the plantation percentage of selected 10 LUTs of WUAs. The clustering results were exported to geographical information systems (GIS) used for output on monitoring of the change of LUTs. The Arc View 3.0 GIS (ESRI, 1996) was employed to developed the maps. The F-test was utilised for parcel size, number of parcel and land use efficiency (LUE); Student t test was performed for the LUTs; correlation coefficient was performed to understand the relationships between number of plot and parcel size, between number of plot and LUE, between parcel size and LUE of the WUAs within Yüregir and Tarsus Plain (Davis, 1986). Results Water User Associations in The Study Area : The State Hydroulic Works were handing over the management and operation of irrigation schemes to WUAs between 1994 and 1995 in a study area. Some data belong to WUAs are presented in Table 1.  Statistical Analysis Changes in variances of two groups of WUAs for five years were tested. The results showed that the changes in variances of most variates, except for parcel size, were not significant at the level of 95% (Table 2).  Coeffcients of determination of regression equations between parcel size and plot; plot and LUE; parcel size and LUE for both YP and TP were -0.62, -0.02, 0.54; -0.07, -0.44 and 0.35, respectively. Plantation percentage of 10 LUTs of 18 WUAs were grouped by clustering from 5 to 10 and the best result was obtained from the clustering system containing eight groups. As seen in Figure 2, groups were changed over the study area in both space and time. The WUAs named Toroslar, Cotlu and Ata were diffirentated from others. The soil and topographic properties of Toroslar and Cotlu WUAs are different from others and Toroslar has opportunity to get irrigation water from irrigation canals during the year. Ata has no full irrigation infrastructure, but it has opprtunity to be irrigated from Seyhan river and well. The other WUAs both YP and TP mainly show similar behaviour in their plain. This situation can be attributable to the farmer's habit and neighbour effect. Conclusions In the study area, average parcel size, plot and total parcel values appear to be different in two plains. However, this situation could not be justified by statistical test at 95% probability level but clustered results and produced maps showed that groups changed in space and time. Therefore, it is considered that the following consequence can be attributable on these changes. The main factors affect on determining of LUTs mainly topographic and soil properties, possible irrigation for all the year, neighbour effect and farmer behaviour, respectively.  References . Alig, R.J., 1986. Econometric analysis of the factors influencing forest acreage trends in the Southeast. Forest Science 32(1):119-134. . Bennett, J.W., 1976. Ecological transition: cultural anthropology and human adaptation. Pergamon Press, New York. . Davis, J.C., 1986. Statistics and data analysis in geology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY. 646p. . Dinç, U., Sarı, M., Senol, S., Kapur, S., Sayın, M., Derici, R., Çavuşgil, V., Gök, M., Aydın, M., Ekinci, H., and Ağca, N., 1990. The soils of the Çukurova Region. University of Çukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Publication No: 26, Adana, 169p. (in turkish) . ESRI, 1996. Using Arcview GIS. Environmental System Research Institute, Inc., Redlands, CA. . Fortmand, L., and Kusel, J., 1990. New voices, old beliefs: foreswt environmentalism among new and longstanding rural residents. Rural Sociology, 55(2): 214-232. . Özcan, H., and Gümüş, A., 2000. Bazı sosyo-kültürel özelliklerin arazi kullanım türlerine etkisi-Tarsus Ovası örneği. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 18, s67-76. . SPSS, 1988. SPSS/PC+V.2.0. Base manuel for the IBM PC/XT/AT and PS/2, Marija and Moruis. SPSS Inc. . ys, Ir. C., Van Ranst, E., Debaveye, Ir.J., Beernaert, F., 1991. Land evaluation, part I; principles in land evaluation and crop production calculations.. Agricultural Pub., No: 7, General Administration for evelopment Cooperation, Plce du Champ de Mars 5 bte 57-1050, Brussels, Belgium. . Tekinel, O. and Doorenbos, J., 1997. Disengagement policy of the state in water resources management. Economic aspects of water management in the Mediterranean area. Proceedings of the Marrakech workshop: May 17-19. Organised by CIHEAM, Morocco. P 421-436 . Turner, B.L., and Meyer, W.B., 1991. Land use and land cover in global environmental change: considerations for study. International Soil Science Journal, 43(4): 669-679. |