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Talat Koç University of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart, Science-Literature Faculty Geography Department, Çanakkale, Turkey Abstract Balıkesir Plain is located in Marmara District, Karesi Environs of South Marmara Region. Land use capability classifications have been determined for sustainable use. Farming areas are very wide in Balıkesir Plain and its environment. In this research, it has been studied how carefully land use capability classification is taken into consideration when the land is used in Balıkesir Plain and its environment. An agricultural area in which planted farming must be done covers only 49% of Balıkesir Plain and its environment. In addition to this, it has been found out that very big parts of the productive areas are not used for agricultural purposes. The causes of wrong land use in Balıkesir Plain and its environment are urbanization, and the use of productive areas for communication, industry and military purposes. Wrong land use is increasing in Balıkesir Plain and its environment. If it is not prevented, concrete will cover all of the agricultural areas in Balıkesir Plain. In order to prevent the wrong land use, development of the city of Balıkesir, construction works in the industrial area and the communication lines must be taken under control. Introduction The rapid increase in population and consequently, in consumption has a growing pressure on natural resources. One of the irreplaceable resources is the soil. The soil whose formation could take hundreds of years can vanish in a very short time. 34% of the Turkish territories is consisted of the land (I., II., III., and IV. class areas) which must be used for agricultural purposes only (Cangir et al., 1996). The average height in the Turkish territories being 1132 m and 82.17% of its lands being too steep are the main cause that leads to the limited amount of agricultural areas (Atalay 2000). These facts point out that utmost care must be shown to protect the agricultural areas in Turkey. One of the most important problems related to soil is the use of the agricultural lands for non-agricultural purposes. According to the data of 1996, 18% of the potential agricultural lands of Turkey (4 787 451 ha) is being used wrongly and for non-agricultural purposes (Cangir et al., 1996). While the loss of agricultural lands due to wrong and non-agriculturally use was 171 992 ha in 1978, it reached 573 239 ha in 1996 (Cangir et al.,1996). And the use of land for non-agricultural purposes is increasing. The increase between the years 1978 and 1996 has been found as 333.3% (Cangir et al.,1996). The reference researches show that non-agricultural land use has become an important problem in Turkey. One of the counties of Turkey where non-agricultural land use is common is Balıkesir. The county of Balıkesir is located in the middle of three big cities, Istanbul, Bursa and Izmir. And the plain where the town of Balıkesir is located is a tectonic-formed Neogene sunken plain. Balıkesir Plain is surrounded by plateau levels ranging between 300 and 400 m. The town which has a population of 200 000 is located in the west of Balıkesir Plain. The most important problem is that the town is developing into the productive areas. There is a relationship between this problem and the urbanization. In this research, the relationship between urbanization and wrong land use in Balıkesir Plain and its environment is studied. Material and Methods The area of the research is consisted of Balıkesir Plain and Pamukçu Plain which is connected to it through a gorge from the south-west. These two plains are defined as Balıkesir Plain in this research. The border line around Balıkesir Plain is formed by the watershed of the short-period streams that flow into the plain basin (Figure 1). First of all, the reference books about the physical properties of Balıkesir Plain and its environment were obtained (Özoğul 1987, Koç 2001a). Then, the works which mention about the social conditions of the area were examined (Ayyıldız 1988, Tolun 1970). Apart from these, the researches made by Aktimur et al. (1994), Eren (1995) and Koç (1997) about the environmental problems around Balıkesir were also reviewed. The maps (1/100 000) and the report of Land Use Capability Classifications prepared by Güzel et al. (1999) were used as the main source of data on the relationship between urbanization and land use in Balıkesir Plain. Topography, land and urbanization maps were scaled to 1/50 000 and the relationship was searched. In each period of urbanization (between the years 1700 and 2001) the urbanization area was calculated and examined for wrong land use. The years to be examined during the research were specifically determined according to the availability of the urbanization plans. The results of the studies are submitted in two maps (Figure 1, 2). Results The research area is consisted of the central plain, the surrounding plateau and the slopes between these areas (Figure 1). As the plain covers a large area, it provides a large agricultural land. The lands suitable for agricultural farming (I., II., III. and IV. class lands) covers 49% of the research area (39 487 ha) (Figure 1, 3). These are the lands in which the priority must be given to agricultural activities . Scientific studies (Akalan 1974, Güzel et al., 1999, Kocataş 1997), commissionary works (Commission 1992) and the regulations (1989, 1998) specify the use of the first four classes of lands in detail. These lands must only be used for agricultural purposes. V. class of land has not been found in Balıkesir Plain (Figure 1, 3). VI. and VII. classes of land cover 49.6% (40 482 ha) and VIII. class of land covers 1.4% (1 140 ha) of the research area (Figure 1, 3). In other words, the areas suitable for non-agricultural use forms 51% (41 622 ha) (Figure 1, 3). In the research area, the ratio of agriculturally suitable lands is higher than the ratio of Turkey (34%) and of Balıkesir (23.5%). The agricultural lands in Balıkesir Plain and its environment are important land sources of Turkey. Land use activities in Balıkesir Plain are given under the four headings of agriculture, settlement, transportation and industry (Figure 1). The general use of land in the area is observed to be based on Balıkesir settlement (Figure 1). It has been found out that wrong land use is common in Balıkesir Plain and its environment (Koç 2001b). It can be noticed that there is a decrease in wrong land use towards the east of the town of Balıkesir which is located in the west of Balıkesir Plain. This fact indicates that urbanization is a determining factor in the land use in Balıkesir Plain. The first settlement of the town is on the east skirts of Harita Hill. The old town which covered approximately 40 ha in 1700's is placed in VI. and VII. class lands (Figure 1, 2, 4). The selection of the first settlement place is quite right from the view of land use capability classification. The enlargement between 1700 and 1900 took place towards north-western and western directions, towards the VI.and VII class lands (Figure 2). During the two century-period the town enlarged at 162% to cover 105 ha (Figure 4). In this period Balıkesir was still a small town. The third period was nearly at the same time as the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1900-1950). During this period the town enlarged its area at 276% to reach 395 ha (Figure 2, 4). But the enlargement between the years 1900 and 1950 took place towards the east where productive agricultural lands were available. The town which had not passed across the railway in the east before now began to extend towards the productive plain. In the period between 1950 and 1965 the urbanization speed slowed down considerably (Figure 2, 4). In this period the new settlements of Gaziosmanpaşa and Plevne were founded to the south of the town. These new settlements are located on the productive agricultural lands (Figure 2). The period of 1965-1987 is the period when urbanization was at its highest level. In this period the town enlarged its area 419% bigger than it was in the previous period and reached 2430 ha (Figure 2, 4). As a result of the rapid enlargement of the town, Kızpınar and Ayşebacı villages are included in the town area. The most apparent feature of this period of 1965-1987 is that the rapid enlargement of the town was directed onto the productive agricultural lands. The small industrial site which was founded near Ayşebacı village caused the urbanization to direct to this part (Figure 2). In the last period the urbanization directed mostly to the north and the south (Figure 2). The town reached the area of 5 690 ha with an enlargement of 134%. In this period, the urbanization towards the north and the west show the correct use of land. However, the urbanization around Ayşebacı village and in the south is totally wrong use of land. Settlement, transport and industrial plants on agricultural lands point out applications of wrong land use (Figure 2). The town enlarged to İstanbul-İzmir highway from the east. And the highway blocked the eastward urbanization. Enlargement of Balıkesir town settlement is expected to take place towards Ayşebacı village in the north and the university campus in the south-east. The enlargement towards the university is thought to happen after the side of İstanbul-İzmir highway has been completely filled (Figure 1). In the meanwhile, it is also noticed that there are tendencies to cross the highway towards the east. The urbanization areas mentioned above will lead to an increase in the wrong land use. Urbanization has already started from Kızpınar, Adnan Menderes settlements onwards. Enlargement towards the west will be the correct choice in regard to the land use capability classification. The industrial site and the new suburban settlements by the motorway of Balıkesir-Edremit are the samples of correct area selection in respect to the land use capability classification. No urbanization towards this area, however, is expected.  Conclusion The first foundation area of Balıkesir settlement is the sample of correct area selection in respect to the land use capability classification. Nevertheless, in the later periods correct area selection did not continue. It has rapidly enlarged to agricultural lands ( I., II., III.,and IV. class lands). The continuation of this enlargement will cause Balıkesir Plain to be used completely for non-agricultural purposes. The urbanization of Balıkesir town settlement being in this direction will be wrong with the respects of Turkish agriculture and economy. Therefore, the decisions made for the urbanization of Balıkesir should be reviewed. The most suitable direction of enlargement of Balıkesir town settlement is the hillsides and plateau surfaces to the west of the town. These areas are non-agricultural lands (Figure 1). In addition to its preventing wrong land use, the westward enlargement will be the solution to the problems of air pollution and sewage system.   References . Akalan, İ., 1974. Toprak ve Su Muhafazası (Toprak Kullanma Kabiliyet Sınıflaması), AÜ Ziraat Fak. Yay. No:532 Ders Kitabı No:477 Ankara. . Aktimur, H.T., Bozbey, E., Karabalık, N. N., Yıldırım, M., Karabıyıklıoğlu, M. S., Deveciler, E., Tomgaç, Ö. F. & Aktimur, S., 1994. Balıkesir İlinin Arazi Kullanım Potansiyeli, M.T.A. Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeolojik Etütler Dairesi Raporu, Ankara. . Atalay, İ., 2000. Türkiye Coğrafyası ve Jeopolitiği. Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, Bornova, İzmir. . Ataman, A. & Gür, S., 1996. "Tarım Topraklarının Tarım Dışı Kullanımı ve Alınacak Önlemler", Tarım-Çevre İlişkileri Sempozyumu, 13-15 Mayıs, Tebliğler Kitabı, 1996, 977-985, Mersin. . Ayyıldız, H., 1988. Balıkesir'de Şehirleşme ve Ekonomik Faaliyetler (Basılmamış doktora tezi). UÜ Sosyal Bil. Enst. Bursa. . Cangir, C. & Boyraz, D., 1996. "Ülkemizde Yanlış ve Amaç Dışı Arazi Kullanımının Boyutları ve Arazi Kullanımı Planlamasının Gerekliliği", Tarım-Çevre İlişkileri Sempozyumu, 13-15 Mayıs 1996, Tebliğler Kitabı, 637-648, Mersin. . Eren, N., 1995. Balıkesir'de Çevre Sorunları (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İÜ Sos. Bil. Enst. Fiziki Coğrafya ABD İstanbul. . Güzel, İ., Ünver, F.S., Tosunlar, O., Özen, S., Çetinkaya, A. & Uzunkaya Z., 1999. Balıkesir İli Arazi Varlığı, Köy Hizmetleri Gen. Müd. Ankara. . Kocataş, A., 1996. Ekoloji, Çevre Biyolojisi (Üçüncü Baskı). Ege Üniv. Su Ürünleri Fak. Yay. No:51 Ders Kitabı Dizini No:20 . Koç, T., 1997. "Relationship Between The Air Quality and The Physical Environment in Balıkesir" Environmental Research Forum. Volumes 7-8 p.66-72 . Koç, T. 2001a. Kuzeybatı Anadolu'da İklim ve Ortam:Sinoptik, İstatistik ve Uygulama Boyutlarıyla. Çantay Kitapevi, İstanbul. . Koç, T., 2001b. "Balıkesir Ovası ve Çevresinde Arazi Kullanımı" Türk Coğrafya Kurumu, 29. Meslek Haftası, 17-19 Mayıs 2001, Çanakkale (Bildiri kitabı), Çanakkale. . Özoğul, A., 1987. Balıkesir Ovasının ve Yakın Çevresinin Jeomorfoloji İle Uygulamalı Jeomorfolojisi (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Uludağ Üniv. Sosyal Bil. Enst. Bursa. . Tolun, B., 1970. Balıkesir Ovasında Yerleşme ve İktisadi Faaliyetler. İÜ Ed. Fak. Yay. No:1530 Coğrafya Enst. Yay. No:59 İstanbul. . Commission, 1992. Türk Çevre Mevzuatı, Cilt:I-II, Türkiye Çevre Vakfı Yayını, Ankara. . Commission, 1997. Balıkesir "Bir Kentin Kimliği", Karşı Basın Yayın Matbaacılık, Ankara. . Türkiye Çevre Vakfı, 1998. 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