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Hüseyin Ekinci 1, Yasemin Kavdır 2 1 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Agricultural Faculty, Soil Science Department 2 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Lapseki Vocational Collage Abstract Total area of Çanakkale is 973,690 ha. A major part of this area is made of steeps lands due to breaking of mountainous and hilly lands into valleys. Lands with medium and straight slope level formed approximately 82% of the city. Because of that, total 827,041 ha (85.83%) area is subjected to medium to strong erosion risk. However, 54% (525,124 ha) of lands have forests and shrubs, which partially reduces this erosion risk in Çanakkale. Total cultivatable agricultural land quantities in Çanakkale are 288,833 ha (29.66%). Beside slope and soil erosion, another important problem for agricultural soils of Çanakkale is an inadequate soil depth (82.77% is shallow or very shallow). In addition, problems such as excessive grazing, excessive usage of fertilizers, opening of forestlands into farming, destroying forests by fire, limited amount of lands that can be irrigated and salinity caused by poor water quality in watering lakes and underground water reservoirs are the primary reasons. Studies of land evaluations and planning of land usage based on detailed soil survey must be started. Introduction Çanakkale City is one of the most important settling regions in Turkey due to reasons such as its closeness to ancient cities of Troy and Assos, its location on the shore of Çanakkale strait (Dardanelles), which is one of the most strategically important spots in the world. Moreover, Çanakkale is a leading city in Turkey agriculture, in terms of production of fruits and vegetables and also of animal products. Total land size in the province of Çanakkale is 973,690 ha. Majority of these lands are in South Marmara. However, 123,899 ha. (12.72 %) land is in Thrace region. Geography of the provincial region is rough due to breaking of mountainous and hilly lands into valleys. Ratio of lands that can be attributed as valley is around 15 % (A anonymous 1978, 1999). Geological structures consist of gneiss, crystalline schist, and limestone formed in paleological time; claystone and schist formed in mesozoic time; conglomerate, sandstone, limestone and marl formed in tertiary; alluvial and volcanic masses formed in quaternary (Anonymous, 1987). In Çanakkale, which has a Mediterranean climate in general annual average rainfall is 629,1 mm and average temperature is 14.9 0C. Flora in the region is forest and scrubs. Forests start in sea level and their density increase after 300 m altitude. Bushes and scrubs seen on the shores between Lapseki and Biga can spread 30-40 m inward the land and up to 600 m altitude (Anonymous, 1999). In this research, mainly maps and reports prepared by various government institutions were used. Representative soil samples were also taken from the common great soil types of Çanakkale area. 1) Types of Land Use in Çanakkale Land use types and their proportional distributions in Çanakkale are presented in Table 1. As it is seen from the Table 1, approximately 359,514 ha (36,92 %) of lands are being used for agricultural purposes. Some of these agricultural lands are used as a dry agriculture (258,310 ha; 26,52 %) and irrigated agriculture (54,801 ha; 5,63 %). Rests of these lands are used for vine yard-orchard (46,403 ha; 4,77 %) and some special crops. Forests and Shrubs cover 53,93 % of the Çanakkale lands (525,124 ha). Forests have 413,192 ha. (42,44 %) and Shrubs have 111,932 ha (11,50 %) of this area. Pastures cover 63,011 ha (6,47 %) of the Çanakkale lands. 
2) Great Groups and Land Capability Classes Soils in the Çanakkale province were classified by Soil and Water Institution based on the system developed by Thorp and Smith (1949) (Anonymous 1979 and 1980). Later on these studies were revised by General Management of Rural Affairs (Anonymous 1999). Classification of the soils in the Çanakkale province using modern classification methods has been started through various studies that are still going on. Great soil groups and land capability classes one given in Table 2. As it can be seen from the Table 2, non-calcerous brown soils exist in the largest section of the region with 554,089 ha (57.03 %) while saline alkaline soils (0,01 %) and hydromorphic alluvial cover a land size of 996 ha (0,10 %). Based on the modern soil classification system, soils exist in Çanakkale are ordos of Entisol, Alfisol, Inceptisol, Vertisol and Mollisol. Arable lands (class I, II, III and IV.) in the province are around 288,833 ha with a ratio of 29,66 %. Size of the first class lands is 39,164 ha with a ratio of 4,02 %. V.class lands cover 818 ha which are Hydromorphic alluvial soils.The town that has the largest arable land (59,126 ha) mentioned above is Biga in Çanakkale region. The town that has the least arable land (1,798 ha), on the other hand, is Bozcaada. However, these ratios can change when the land sizes of the towns themselves one considered, for instance, town Eceabat with a 42,35 ha overall land size is leading among the towns with the total arable land size of 24,533 ha (57,93 %) on the other hand, VII. class lands have the largest coverage (483,582 ha) among the lands that are not suitable for farming; i.e., 50% of Çanakkale region consist of VII. Class land.  3) Slope As it is seen from the Table 3 that flat and slightly sloping lands cover 173,995 ha and 18,06% proportion of Çanakkale lands. Medium and steep lands exist in a land size of total 789,485 ha (81,94 %). Average 654,633 ha (%67,94) of this area has a slope, which is more than 12 % and classified as a steep lands. Because of that, Çanakkale lands are faced to serious soil erosion problem.  4) Soil Depth One of the most important problems of Çanakkale lands is excessive sloping land and consequently shallow and very shallow areas cover 797,545 ha area (82,77 %) (Table 4). Medium deep and deep soils have mostly agricultural lands, pastures, forests and shrubs.  5) Erosion Average 862,664 ha lands (%89,53) are subjected to medium, severe and extreme water erosion (Table 5). Some of this area is arable agricultural lands and a land size of and these area covers 2/3 of the total 192,32 ha arable agricultural lands. Since forests and scrubs cover 54 % of Çanakkale, erosion risk is also partly reduced. However there is a need to use new soil tillage techniques plus use of lands according to their capabilities. Besides, 34,343 m3 of trees were destroyed due to forest fire, which affected 4428 ha area, in 1994 in Gelibolu. In December 2001, due to heavy rains and resulting erosion, costs of Çanakkale strait turns into mud and changed its color to brown.  6) Stony - rocky lands / Drainage, Saline-alkaline lands Only 675,723 ha areas of Çanakkale have not stone and rock problems. However 24,265 ha (% 2,52) of the lands have stone problem and 263,563 ha (% 27,35) ha lands have rock problem. 28,728 ha of arable lands (% 9,95) have inadequate drainage and aridity (saline + alkaline) problems. Lands with both problem covers 33,102 ha (%3,43) of Çanakkale lands (Table 6). Both stony -rocky and drainage aridity of lands cause problem for arable lands.  Conclusions Size of the lands that have moderate and steep slope in Çanakkale province is 789, 485 ha (81,94 %). Therefore, shallow-very shallow soils with a coverage area of 797,545 ha (82,77 %) bring up the susceptibility of these soils to water erosion. Meanwhile, in overall the province, 862,664 ha land (89,53 %) is subjected to moderate, severe and very severe erosion damage. Therefore, more than half (54 %) of the forests in the province must inevitably be protected against fires, excessive grazing and land openings. Pastures must be amended and controlled grazing must be applied. Lands should be cultivated with appropriate farming techniques after taking protective and yield improving precautions based on the capability and quality of the land at hand. Green fertilizer and manure, even in small amounts, must be applied to the lands with heavy clay soils; and hardpan must be broken. Legume cover crops must be included into crop rotation and inorganic fertilization should be checked for amount and quality. Some producers use excess inorganic fertilizers. For instance soils, which sampled from a peach orchard in alluvial land around Umurbey , had 962 kg ha-1 P2O5 and very high K2O contents. Irrigatable land sizes must be extended as much as possible. Therefore groundwaters and ponds used for irrigation should be analyzed to reduce salinity risk of soils. Studies on land use planning in the region, considering previously intensive agricultural areas, should be started. References . Anonymous, 1978. Türkiye Arazi Varlığı. Köyişleri ve Kooperatifler Bakanlığı. Toprak Su Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları. Ankara. . Anonymous, 1999. Çanakkale İli Arazi Varlığı. T.C. Başbakanlık Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları. Ankara. . Anonymous, 1987. Explanatory text of the geological map of Turkey (İstanbul). (Revised by Behçet Akyürek). MadenTetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları. (Ankara). . Anonymous, 1979 Ege Havzası Toprakları. Köy İşleri ve Kooperatifler Bakanlığı yayınları.228. Topraksu Genel Müdürlüğü yayınları 308. Havza NO 2.Ankara. . Anonymous, 1979. Marmara Havzası Toprakları Köyişleri ve Kooperatifler Bakanlığı yayınları 229. Toprak Su Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları.309. Havza No.4 Ankara |